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3
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2 utility.
2 two version of the D.O.S. pre-loaded in RAM. The ROM of the Plus D
2 transfer the ROM in the following way. Load the operating system from
2 the emulator's own directory. If you have a Plus D yourself, you can
2 start the emulator and choose hardware mode Spectrum 48K + Disciple
2 programs.
2 practice.
2 operating system, to disk by entering SAVE d1"rom" CODE 0,16384. Then,
2 only emulate a Plus D interface if it can find a file PLUSDROM.BIN in
2 interface is not supplied, for copyright reasons. The emulator will
2 in the Z80.INI file.
2 below.
2 a Plus D system diskette, and save the entire ROM, together with the
2 The ROM of the DISCiPLE is supplied with the emulator, together with
2 FORMAT "m";1;"name"
2 screen.
2
2
2
2
1 Sinclair ZX Spectrum Emulator 'Z80' v3.05 - 11/11/96 - by G.A. Lunter
1 > 6 (fire)
1 > 3 (dwn)
1 > 1 (rght)
1 4.8 The Spectrum 128
1 4.7 The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - The system variables
1 4.6 The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - The snapshot button
1 4.5 The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - More advanced commands
1 4.4 The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - The basic commands
1 4.3 The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - Introduction
1 4.2 The Interface I
1 4.1 The Spectrum
1 4. THE SPECTRUM
1 3.3 The built-in monitor
1 3.2 The NMI software
1 3.1 Basic extensions
1 3. THE SAMRAM
1 2.9 Multi-load games
1 2.8 Using .VOC files
1 2.7 Using .TAP files
1 2.6 Loading programs from tape
1 2.5 Sound emulation
1 2.4 Screen emulation
1 2.3 Keyboard emulation
1 2.21 Miscellaneous remarks
1 2.20 Quick overview of command line switches, and features
1 2.2 Using the emulator
1 2.19 The utilities READVOC and READSB
1 2.18 The utility OUT2VOC - and how to make .OUT files
1 2.17 The utilities Z802TAP, TAP2TAPE and TAP2VOC
1 2.16 Converting file formats - the utility CONVERT
1 2.15 The utility ConvZ80
1 2.14 On joysticks and mice
1 2.13 Using the RS232 channel
1 2.12 Using the Multiface 128
1 2.11 Using the DISCiPLE and Plus D interfaces
1 2.10 Using the microdrive
1 2.1 Starting the emulator
1 2. THE EMULATOR
1 1.6 Copyrights etc.
1 1.5 Disclaimers
1 1.4 Acknowledgements
1 1.3 Other emulators
1 1.2 Registration
1 1.1 Some general remarks
1 1. INTRODUCTION, REGISTRATION, GENERAL INFORMATION
1 Watt resistors
1 Watt resistor
1 Watt
1 RxD 2 3
1 RTS 8 5
1 GND 5 7
1 DTR 4 20
1 CTS 7 4
1 your real Spectrum and the emulator to transfer programs and data. It's
1 your own programs.
1 your own mcode routines or for data (but not for BASIC). The RAM must
1 you're transferring files using the SAVE and LOAD *"b" commands of the
1 you'll notice, probably. The R register is counted through properly
1 you'll have to use CGA, because the virtual video display driver of
1 you want to use the button at, then press the button on the emulator
1 you to try to load the program with different emulator settings easily.
1 you select real mode, the emulator won't update the screen and music
1 you see on screen are the loading bars in the border (on EGA or VGA
1 you press E, the Rom with the Basic extensions will be selected. Some
1 you generate an NMI, and subsequently return from it, the first
1 you don't really have to; I think normal mirroring will always work in
1 you don't have to convert them to .Z80 files (but you may want to to
1 you can save any 48K Spectrum program to tape or to a .TAP file, as is
1 you can BREAK into such a loop).
1 written specifically for my printer, a Star SG-10. It will probably
1 written by Hugh McLenaghan. He wrote all code for the Disciple/Plus D
1 write a standard BASIC loader that doesn't need this code, but I don't
1 write 'Groningen' or leave blank. Cheques that are filled in
1 would type:-
1 world, like the obvious keyboard and the screen, but also the
1 works fine.
1 works as well as without Windows. If you let the emulator run
1 working on if he hadn't insisted that I would!
1 work on some other printers, but not on most. The output is sent to
1 work anymore.
1 won't work at all properly. Include the switch -xz in your Z80.INI
1 won't work anymore.
1 won't be pressed. The 48K modes are not affected by this switch.
1 without resetting, and finally generate an NMI in the Extra Functions
1 with the conditions above.
1 with the buffering done by the emulator as well as the Interface I, and
1 with SamRam or an M.G.T. interface enabled. Also, since the AMX
1 with R register and LDIR emulation on); when loading from VOC files,
1 with R or W, this will automatically be set correctly. You can then
1 will switch to Real mode, and the emulated Spectrum program will
1 will sound good. If you select HRC mode, the sound will be even
1 will save these blocks as tape files to disk. If you convert these to
1 will pop up, and the emulator switches back to normal emulation mode.
1 will not work, however the pin layout is easy to change.
1 will lock up version 2.01 if the 80386 is in virtual mode, and it will
1 will continue in real mode.
1 will be much slower, so especially the 128K emulation gets verrry slow.
1 will be logged. If you give an address smaller than 100 hex, all
1 will also be accepted. From Spain and Italy, postal money orders work
1 will almost always crash the program, except if you enter the SPECTRUM
1 will all be processed as 'RS232 output'.
1 whole block, and I inverts it. Pressing EDIT (ESC) returns you to the
1 who, besides handling the UK registrations, also generates a continual
1 while loading, since it will immediately result in a tape loading
1 which you can connect TWO analogue joysticks (on one plug!). Most
1 which was visible when you pressed NMI, to be able to restore it when
1 which this happens will make the emulated Spectrum react much more
1 which the screen is displayed can be controlled by setting the 'Video
1 which the program cannot be slowed down anymore. Furthermore, it
1 which pops up if you press F4. You can do many things here. The I and
1 which is that the program must be written in assembly language and must
1 which contains a snapshot and can contain data for several levels. If
1 which are probably unfamiliar to many former Spectrum users.
1 whether the program counter is equal to the breakpoint address. If
1 where 'file' is the name of the image file. This file should be
1 where #AB denoted the scan-code (in hex, between #01 and #58) and #CD
1 when you're developing a program and need to save several pieces of
1 when shifted. The scan code is between #01 (ESC) and #58 (F12); a full
1 when it overwrites itself; with -l it is.
1 were a tape. The position is displayed in minutes, seconds and
1 we called the SamRam (which has nothing to do with the SAM Coupe, by
1 way, but also turbo-saved programs can be loaded. Furthermore, you can
1 way round, i.e. a disk formatted on the PC with this emulator will not
1 way been intended. Really!
1 want to map both 1 and 2 to B: which is accomplished by putting -0s1b
1 want this, for example because you want to enjoy the loading screen,
1 want the Adlib card to be used (for instance to hear the sound through
1 volume is turned up, the bar first goes from 0% to 50% and over, and
1 voice strings which I won't explain... They are explained in the
1 video mode) if you run the emulator under Windows; the emulator will
1 very useful too, for instance if you've got a null-modem lead that
1 very useful for multi level games; the levels on the tape can be put in
1 very small sizes.
1 versions. It works basically the same with all video modes; however,
1 versions of the emulator. Using .TAP files instead of the RS232
1 version.
1 version with or without DISCiPLE/Plus D emulation respectively.
1 version of the emulator consists of the Z80-304.ZIP archive file, which
1 version of the DISCiPLE, this interface only had a disk interface,
1 version in the following respects: it displays a message when the
1 version 3.04, keyboard handling under Windows is much improved, and
1 various opcodes correspond more exactly to the actual timing on a real
1 varies. The amount of memory saved depends on the current hardware
1 variables. So if you load a game from tape, reset the Spectrum first
1 variable resistor of the LPT tape interface has to be adjusted so that
1 values! Especially the joystick emulation setting change can be
1 values if your card is not set to these defaults.
1 value-port of the AY soundchip are FFFD and BFFD respectively, some
1 value, READVOC also uses only two values for the signal height. This
1 utility writes a bad block to microdrive deliberately, if the file is
1 utility or program that uses microdrives ought to work on the emulator.
1 utility TAP2VOC. This was useful to test the .VOC playback feature,
1 utilities:
1 utilities and the SamRam, and you will be kept informed about future
1 usually hang. There is probably never a need to use this switch.
1 usual. When it's loaded, press NMI (F5) and select the tool by
1 using the cursor keys on the '128 keyboard. These keys simultaneously
1 using the DOS debug utility:
1 uses DMA to read the sample, and applies a digital filtering algorithm
1 user defined) can not only be controlled by the cursor keys or a real
1 used, and more technical settings like those of the R register, LDIR
1 use. VGA mode is by far the best: it is the only mode in which all
1 use. Also, the emulator needs lots of base memory if no EMS memory is
1 use two-times oversampling (switch -2).
1 use this for instance to break in a BEEP, or crack a not-so-very-well-
1 use the switch -kk.
1 use the Z80 emulator code in an emulator for another Z80-based
1 use often can be put in the Z80.INI file. If you give a switch a
1 use full 8 bit samples. The problem with some samplers is that they
1 use Hi res colour emulation instead. This setting has no effect when
1 use Hi Resolution Colour emulation (which doesn't rely on the timer).
1 upper 32K ram bank regularly, and this takes too much time on the
1 updates.
1 update fee.
1 up. You can select each icon by moving the arrow to it (using the
1 unreadable copies.
1 unformatted cartridges. To format a cartridge, type
1 under function key F9.
1 ugly way it has to be addressed. VGA is definetely the fastest. EGA and
1 typing for instance
1 type commands.
1 two bytes. You can check this by typing CLEAR 65535: POKE 65535,0:
1 turned this switch on itself in that case) and the emulator will
1 turbo-saved games from tape; see below for more information.
1 try to finish its job anyhow, and the program may appear to hang.
1 transfer data and programs easily. Furthermore, the RS232 channel is
1 too much above 50%. Press any key to start sampling, and then 'p' to
1 too (usually you can do this by adjusting a little screw at the back of
1 tones.
1 toggles a pixel. In this mode there are two commands: C clears the
1 toggle to decimal, and you need to explicitly put a # in front of a
1 to use.
1 to the emulator. This will often work, but you can't return to the
1 to the COM port (very useful if you connect a real Spectrum to the PC's
1 to the "b" channel, with SAVE *"m";1;"rom" CODE 0,8192 or SAVE *"b"
1 to that stream. You can use MOVE to move data from stream to stream,
1 to select this option. The mouse will not control the joystick
1 to select the VOC file playback menu, and enter the name of the VOC
1 to run at about 110% for the best results. If your computer is really
1 to run at about 100%, but then you're able to load everything a normal
1 to return to the program.
1 to return to DOS.
1 to reset the 'open file' counter; failing to do so will result in data
1 to read all other headers before trying to load the file again. With
1 to re-read the header.
1 to open a "b" or "t" channel first. You're right, it's of limited use.
1 to make them). Then, if you need a block, simply shell to DOS,
1 to look at them with the monitor.
1 to load it into the Spectrum using LOAD *"b" (and the reverse of
1 to have the emulator run at 100% now, so that even slow computers can
1 to format the cartridge currently in Microdrive 1 giving it the name
1 to be bug-free. You can safely operate nuclear power plants or life
1 to be able to see it... The first switch lets you select whether the
1 to activate the NMI software of the SamRam for instance just after
1 to a printer (then SAVE *"b" is useless), to a file (can be useful) or
1 to 100 Hz; therefore now -d is equivalent to -d1. -d2 is the default
1 to 1 second.
1 timed. When running in Windows compatibility mode, loading .VOC files
1 time. These log files are used for recording sounds the emulated
1 time to filter the SoundBlaster input (except for a trivial hi-pass
1 through the Adlib card. If you haven't, the loudest of the three sound
1 thoughts. You will find lots of well-informed people there. Please
1 though.
1 those who want to do just a little bit more than just load the
1 this program but useful to know, are collected in chapter 4. It
1 this is the case, it notifies the user, and continues to the main menu.
1 this is quite slow on the emulator. Since the interrupt is not really
1 this can be changed in the F8 menu.
1 this by specifying '-i file', where 'file' is the snapshot taken just
1 third parameter to the SAVE command, e.g. if you had a code block from
1 think many people desperately need it... Anyway, using the Multiface
1 things. The R register has to be updated every instruction, so that
1 things-to-do.
1 things as it finds them. Most of the time this will work without you
1 they were changed back in version 3.05.
1 they have kindly allowed free use of them.
1 these locations the designer of the Disciple and +D ROM has implemented
1 therefore still possible to 'hang' the emulator. Not going to tell you
1 therefore disk drives were both cheap and widely available, also the
1 therefore ROM calls are not easily carried out.
1 there will still be bytes in the buffer. You have to clear the input
1 there is no way for the computer to determine which is being used by
1 there is an alphabetical list of all keywords and their
1 then saturates and drops below 50% again. The volume has to be set
1 then load them in the normal way (in RAM), and then save the 16K image
1 then choose S(ave). Then reset the Spectrum, and type LOAD
1 them without having to play the actual tape again; thirdly, this allows
1 them to disk and loading them back at say 32768.
1 them at most 8 characters long. If the file is not found, the user is
1 their video BIOS: they don't want to be put in 200-line mode. To get
1 the wrong file type, re-sending the file will not directly work because
1 the way!). It contains a monitor program and software to make
1 the two inputs of a normal analogue joystickinterface to connect a
1 the track! If you find this otherwise, then please write and let us
1 the speed is altered.
1 the snapshot button is F5 (NMI). Once you do this the program will
1 the screen memory. While the ULA is generating the border or
1 the saving and loading: the LPT port (in/out) or SoundBlaster port
1 the sampling frequency, so that no aliasing occurs when the signal is
1 the sample and quit.
1 the same version number and normally sent free if a disc and return
1 the same time saving a copy of each block loaded into a .TAP file. This
1 the row number (0-7), and the upper three bits the column number (1-5).
1 the routine that is responsible for the loading of a level. At the
1 the resident FM.EXE program; it causes problems with the emulator. Do
1 the program makes a sound through the normal speaker of the Spectrum.
1 the output addresses of the "p" channel have been changed by the M.G.T.
1 the old ZX Printer at the same time.
1 the name PLUSDROM.BIN. If you re-start the emulator now, it will
1 the mouse control the joystick too. (By default, this switch is
1 the motor), I successfully loaded several speed-saved programs at 90%.
1 the most straightforward everyday use, to the more advanced, programmer
1 the monitor looks at the extended basic rom by default. The second rom
1 the menu structure from the main menu, pressing ESC will get you one
1 the machine in question, they have overcome in particular cases.
1 the keywords in by full.
1 the keyword SAVE!)
1 the key that should be pressed when the emulator sees this scan code.
1 the internal speaker) use -xa.
1 the interface's RAM. Here are the system variables, with their
1 the function keys F1-F10, are explained.
1 the final menu, 'O' for 'Overig', Dutch for miscellaneous. There are
1 the file pointer can be reset to point to the start of the file again
1 the emulator. This can all be changed in the Change Hardware menu
1 the emulator's formats into others. It is not about converting files
1 the emulator you can use it to move the shadow ROM to a convenient
1 the emulator itself requires some of your PC's resources. It is not
1 the emulator asks whether it should create it. When created, you'll
1 the emulation of a program, and every time the emulated Spectrum
1 the easiest way to let the emulator communicate with a PC printer.
1 the default rate is set to 100/N Hz and alternate rate to 50 Hz; is -dN
1 the current program was not loaded from a .SLT file, the emulator will
1 the comp.sys.sinclair newsgroup!
1 the channel to the ZX Printer by entering POKE @11,1 while still
1 the browse option you can conveniently change the file pointer. Of
1 the breakpoint; this will thus make the emulator go to the main menu
1 the blocks to .TAP file, use a standard tape-to-tape copy program and,
1 the beeper, the sound chip of the Spectrum 128, the Kempston joystick,
1 the bar, which should go to 0% when the volume is down, points just
1 the Spectrum. The Spectrum 128 had its arrow keys press the cursor
1 the Spectrum. CapsLock presses Shift-2, Spectrum's capslock key.
1 the Spectrum's own format into each other, and also converts some of
1 the Spectrum ROM.
1 the Spectrum 128, specify -u when you run Z802TAP. You can load the
1 the SoundBlaster is on a different base address than 0220, use -xq to
1 the SoundBlaster card, a mouse, and an analogue or digital joystick.
1 the SamRam, the Interface I, the Spectrum 128, the Disciple or the
1 the SamRam, press NMI (F5), D for Disassembler, and L:4000 (with tape
1 the SamRam type SPECTRUM first, and then switch the hardware without
1 the RS232 channel, so you have to redirect it to an LPT output.
1 the ROM may get confused. (Double data blocks will be skipped, but
1 the ROM loading routine is hit; that is, as soon as you type LOAD ""
1 the Plus D too.
1 the POKE @x,y command. It changes the value at address (#0298+x) in
1 the PLAY command. Example:
1 the Num-Lock key controls whether Shift is pressed too with a joystick
1 the NMI software directly, and will not even be destroyed by a Reset.
1 the Multiface.
1 the Multiface I uses more than 35% of the screen!)
1 the LPT port. A circuit diagram is in the DIAGRAM.Z80 program, or you
1 the F4 menu.
1 the EAR input as soon as the emulator starts. It makes sense also to
1 the Cursor joystick is selected, you can select whether Shift should
1 the AMX Mouse, the ZX Printer interface, and the RS232 channel of the
1 the .TAP file, like what would happen if you were actually saving to
1 the -xs switch).
1 that you get a version of the emulator that will not emulate the M.G.T.
1 that using the ordinary ZX Printer code of the ROM results in rubbish
1 that they cannot be stored in .TAP files. The higher levels can be
1 that the snapshot button has been activated. The following functions
1 that the emulated Spectrum program can run smoothly. The emulator has
1 that it can do other tasks. Once these tasks are carried out, the
1 that if the ROM needs a header and is presented a data block, it will
1 that explains the function of the function keys and various other
1 that block is considered to be a GAP. This will only happen if some
1 that are program dependent, for instance which joystick emulation is
1 than Dutch Guilders (NLG), and do NOT fill in the place you live, but
1 than 255, it is interpreted as a word, and it is poked at locations x
1 text mode; even Windows 95 doesn't know how to handle it). You'll
1 temporary storage of the MP, for instance when you take a look at the
1 temporarily shell to DOS. Furthermore, here you can find another
1 technical details. Other settings and switches are:
1 tape. In the same way, when loading in single file mode, each time the
1 tape-recorder seems a good solution.
1 tape when a .TAP file has been read to the end, instead of starting
1 tape running.
1 tape recorder. How to use .VOC files is described in section 2.8
1 tape or microdrive. I used it a lot on my real Spectrum, and it works
1 tape loading errors. The LPT tape interface is not sensitive to this.
1 tape loading error.
1 tape input. It uses base address 0220 by default; if this is not
1 tab information is therefore stored in the cartridge file.
1 switches are by default put in the Z80.INI file.
1 switch which allowed use of the shadow 32K Ram, present at 8000-FFFF in
1 switch is not defaulted because printers sometimes say they're merely
1 switch -xs. If you press Num-Lock now (in '128 mode), the shift-key
1 supported for example by Art Studio. Specify -ka on the command line
1 support the new format. Note that, because of this, ConvZ80 will not
1 support systems with this software. And if it still happens to break
1 supplied with Z80 had @11 set to 1 (printer disabled) and @8 to 0
1 such that it is just 50% in the non-saturated zone.
1 successfully.
1 sub-menu for the OUT logging feature. If port FE is logged, such a log
1 stripes, for example) can be done. You don't see these effects in the
1 string.
1 stream of suggestions, remarks and bug reports. He also brought me
1 straightforward. FORMAT! and CAT! need no parameters; ERASE! only
1 stored in .VOC files, and loaded when needed, without having to
1 stored as a sequence of samples in a .VOC sample file. For sample
1 stop and the border of the computer will flash, this may also be
1 states to see when an interrupt has to be generated (so emulation will
1 stated above (including the DISCIPLE program); the only difference is
1 starting the emulator with the Dos MODE command, for instance
1 start the emulator. Most of the other switches are used to select
1 start of the screen memory.
1 standard way, in which 50 times an emulated second the screen is
1 standard VGA mode. If your monitor doesn't sync, try switch -xv.
1 specify for example -e -a, the program will listen to both
1 specify a rom image file on the command line. Use the switch -xr file,
1 specify -tx on the command line.
1 specific bytes to pass, which signals that a certain part of the screen
1 special keys. Here is the list of codes in this range:
1 special keys.
1 sound supplied to the EAR port!). When the end is reached, a window
1 somewhat in version 2.01, and has been removed in version 3: in most
1 sometimes. With -xu, 83K is saved, but Hi Resolution Colour emulation
1 sometimes those only display one component of the RGB signal instead of
1 sometimes because the report was too vague and/or irreproducible on my
1 something with the signal. -tw makes the emulator load from physical
1 something goes wrong. There are two ways of mirroring: normal
1 some value defined via the switch -dN, setting the frame rate to 100/N
1 some programs will run faster when this option is on. If you're typing
1 some name, choose M(icrodrive), choose F(ormat) and wait a few seconds,
1 some are much slower than others. EGA is notoriously slow, due to the
1 software, which is either PD, or has the approval of the authors.
1 software, and an 8K RAM used as a buffer. You can use the 8K RAM for
1 software switch is not emulated. The M128 could be turned off by
1 software available on the net. A good starting point is the FAQ
1 so that a reasonable input level is reached; do not increase the volume
1 snapshots of programs. It's still very useful and I still use it a
1 snapshot when you've found the best setting. On fast computers, try to
1 snapshot to a .TAP file.
1 snapshot last loaded, with the required level number appended in
1 snapshot files and the RS232 link. It has become less useful now, with
1 snapshot before the point at which the Spectrum program initializes the
1 small help screen pops up if you press F1. If you're somewhere deep in
1 small handy features that will otherwise be readily overlooked. Starred
1 skip it. The header will however be considered to be read. So,
1 site with details of the payment etc. Many payment slips are
1 single file mode. As a default, multiple .TAP file mode is selected.
1 single and multiple .TAP file mode.
1 single .TAP file mode.
1 single .TAP file mode (by positioning the file pointer using the Browse
1 since using the original .TAP file is better in all respects, or you
1 since no additional interface is needed. The LPT tape interface
1 simultaneously, it is possible that the Spectrum has already read the
1 simultaneously, but my new keyboard can't: when I press TAB and hold it
1 signal to the Spectrum program that the ZX Printer does not exist.
1 side, and INKEY$ #3 on the emulator side. It needs a little bit of
1 shrinking several buffers). The emulator uses 332K or 572K of base
1 should do this only if you're sure that the emulated program is not
1 should contain the following 12 files:
1 should be given. There's another way to create a file on a cartridge,
1 should be able to do this.
1 several ways.
1 several megabytes of free disk space available. After sampling, these
1 setting; many programs display subtle differences in different modes.
1 setting, 50 Hz. On slow computers, -d helps to get a better keyboard
1 service, or direct transfer, please try to also send a letter to the
1 sent, as far as is possible, to the internal PC speaker. Use -xa to
1 sent to, respectively read from, the appropriate device. Furthermore,
1 senses a piece of tape with no data on it. If the checksum of the
1 selecting it from the F9 menu. Normal Basic functions as usual; the
1 selected, and no output filename is given, the emulator will warn you
1 selected by default) and press Num-Lock once to have the PC-cursor keys
1 select it.
1 section.
1 section 2.12.
1 second time, for instance if it is also in the Z80.INI file, it will
1 second switch indicates whether the SamRam should save a 'loading
1 screens). Real mode is selected by pressing F6. Saving programs in
1 screens (identified by 1 and 2), a printer (P), a cassette (S) and a
1 screen. On the emulator you can send the output to the RS232 channel
1 screen. It is possible to eliminate these by waiting until the video
1 screen', which it takes from screen buffer 2. If screen buffer 2
1 screen snapshot; to set a breakpoint (see section 2.21) or to
1 screen refresh. Some programs need a different setting in order to
1 screen dump to .PCX or .GIF graphics files.
1 screen display may/may not change. The border flashes again and you
1 saving or loading. A routine in the emulator itself then takes over,
1 saving it to a .TAP file and loading it back again in ram. To select
1 saved into and loaded from. A default directory can be selected by
1 save, and store the current setting in CMOS Ram. Speed-save won't work
1 save the program as a .Z80 file.
1 save disk space), and it reads .SLT files (containing snapshots plus
1 sample to a tape. Use a good sample player, one that doesn't halt for
1 sample player.
1 sample files. So loading programs using VOC files may take longer than
1 sample files, by keeping track of exactly how much time elapses during
1 sample files can be compressed using ordinary compression programs to
1 same time, and this won't work properly without an Adlib card.
1 runninge program as possible. Switching from 128K mode to 48K mode
1 run over the ram/rom boundary, for instance Deep Strike, and Elite.
1 run fine, because then individual instructions are more carefully
1 run behind for as many minutes as real mode has been switched on. The
1 routines that are activated by an NMI, i.e. by pressing F5. First
1 routine (which will be used by default, unless you select Real Mode).
1 rom at address 32768. Then type
1 right. They rely on this-or-that amount of instructions to be executed
1 rhythms with the play command; they require many commands in the three
1 returns you to Basic if this is anywhere possible: it resets some
1 returning. This is the screen you edit with '1'. The second screen
1 results in highly compressible .VOC files; compression factors of about
1 result.
1 response. On the other hand, setting for instance -z350 -d7 makes Z80
1 response. At run time, the frame interrupt rate may be toggled between
1 responds to shift+cursor key.
1 respond to the keyboard properly on Issue 3 Spectrums, and for these
1 respectively) and also sent to this channel. Input from the 'RS232
1 resetting.
1 resets the Spectrum. If you don't want the Spectrum to reset, pressing
1 resemble the name of the actual Spectrum file you saved is simply
1 resemble closely the Spectrum originals.
1 reproduced. If you have CMS chips installed, use -xc to use them. If
1 replace other systems (see later).
1 remove flickering of moving characters. Enabling hi-resolution colour
1 remarks section.
1 remarks on these options see section 2.6, and section 5.1 for more
1 relative position 6999 decimal). Then use DEBUG or any flexible
1 regularly, however, so with this program you don't have to worry about
1 registration sites.
1 registration fee is a bit lower then, but you will receive everything
1 register. You are encouraged to give this demo version to friends, but
1 regarded as a SpecEm tape file.
1 reduced to minimum size. Saves 47K, but can make all the difference
1 reasonable speed.
1 reason, you want all OUTs to be logged, -xg will do the trick. The -xy
1 really a demanding program, but there are some things that need
1 real mode is a bit useless but it works; enter the SAVE command, press
1 read the aforementioned FAQ file before asking questions, but be
1 read section 3.3 for information on this program.
1 read of changed by using the normal POKE statement. For access to
1 re-loading, the programs continue as if never frozen. To use the M128:
1 re-install the cassette player.
1 rate are swapped.
1 quickly on your keystrokes.
1 putting the -xs switch on the command line or in the Z80.INI file; for
1 put it in the Z80.INI file). Use -xo to select the SoundBlaster for
1 pushed during NMI), and three MP-memories. These can be used for
1 protected program. The three other options select normal or speed-
1 properly on the emulator, because the speed-save routine toggles the
1 programs, since they almost invariably use the R register to decode
1 programs will not run when the Interface I has inserted its system
1 programs will crash with a frame interrupt rate different from 50 Hz.
1 programs use other ports that work too. One particular program uses
1 programs this option was added. Seldom needed.
1 programs quickly while keeping a normal keyboard response. Some
1 programs much faster than usual.
1 programs is included in Damien Burke's FAQ list.
1 programs from tape (in normal mode, i.e. not using Real mode) and at
1 programming.
1 program would lock up (as versions 3.00 to 3.02 did; in v3.03 and above
1 program without crashing it.
1 program will be saved onto disk.
1 program uses a port different from FE, so this will be no problem in
1 program reads the EAR port, supplying it with the right sample. Via an
1 program is started, and will only run normally for five minutes, after
1 program into this part of the RAM and as soon as you press the snapshot
1 program does rather often when loading), the emulation speed drops
1 program but otherwise annoying.
1 program and have the relevant information, then you too could write
1 program (the RANDOMIZE USR 43 calls it). It won't be very difficult to
1 producing one of the finest music I've every heard coming out of an
1 produce readable ASCII, and the reverse: converting an ASCII listing to
1 produce a .VOC file with the right sounds in it.
1 produce a .OUT file of at least 4 Megabytes.
1 processor. (Remember this is not possible on slow PCs!)
1 processor, with a VGA, EGA, Hercules or CGA video adapter. If
1 processor is returned to it's original state and the program continues
1 probably want other default settings of some parameters (such as the
1 printing. Z80 will periodically check the printer status, and when it
1 printers (works for most dot matrix, and most laser/inkjet printers
1 printer output has been selected, going back to a hardware mode without
1 print to HPGL printers (e.g. Deskjet and Laserjet printers).
1 previous level is completed. There are several ways to handle these
1 pressing T. When the toolkit menu appears, press SPACE and type 31000.
1 pressing 'O' in the main menu; this does not work on the emulator. You
1 press the Spectrum Shift key too. You could also specify -xs on the
1 press a normal cursor key (5,6,7 or 8) and shift. So you can shift the
1 press F10, X, S for Save Data block, set start address and length to
1 present; if you don't have enough, try specifying -xt on the command
1 present.
1 present' error when you try to read it, just as happens with real
1 preceded by the " symbol evaluates to its ASCII code, and the single
1 pre-loaded. If you're using a Laser printer, use -0f 103 to have Z80
1 pre-loaded operating system supporting graphics output using the Epson
1 postal order made payable to B G Services. You can also transfer
1 postage is received. Updates from previous versions will carry a small
1 possible crashes which result if the block is too long.
1 position is displayed as a byte-count. An <EOF> sign will appear if an
1 ports BFFD and FFFD, which control the soundchip of the Spectrum 128,
1 port or to a file on disk. Input can come from either a file or a COM
1 port or a file). See also section 2.13.
1 pointer.
1 plays three chords. You can program complex effects, melodies and
1 playing.
1 played through the internal speaker, use the switch -xi. If you don't
1 place in Ram where you can take a look at it, for instance by executing
1 pixel lines of the screen will be filled with data. (This is
1 picture compressed at the top of the screen, while the bottom half
1 physical tape recorder, or it can come from a .VOC sound sample file.
1 physical tape I/O.
1 performs worse when used to take samples from sound cards. You'll be
1 pause and display the signal level bar again, or any other key to save
1 part of the D.O.S. was in control and whenever the command RUN was
1 parallel printer interface and a snapshot button.
1 own purposes.
1 over again.
1 output' device or file.
1 output to the ZX Printer will be converted in a format suited for Epson
1 output to that channel by typing
1 output channel'. First of all the ordinary Interface I RS232 "B" and
1 otherwise, the value returned is the ATTR or screen byte the ULA is
1 otherwise the SoundBlaster will clip, which is a sure way to producing
1 other. When it has finished reading the last one, it will start all
1 other video modes.
1 other switches must be put on the command line or in a .PIF file. An
1 other hand, I don't think this is the right place to describe the
1 other currencies!
1 other Spectrum emulators running on PC's. In principle, it is okay to
1 ordinary tape format, -n is appropriate; for turbo-save formats, use
1 ordinary Spectrum. The OUT2VOC program takes quite some time to
1 or when the Hi-Res Colour emulation is switched on, these problems
1 or use BLOCK CAPITALS to aid readability. If you use a postal cheque
1 or how or from what source (tape, disk, cartridge) it has been loaded
1 or EAR are not saved to the log file, to save disk space. If, for some
1 or David Pomeroy in New Zealand, whichever is most convenient. Please
1 option, but you risk Tape Loading errors!
1 option the disk drive will start up then after a slight pause the
1 option see section 2.4 and section 5.1)
1 option can be used for producing a somewhat crude trace; see section
1 opcode, the emulator will not respond.
1 only crash the emulated Spectrum (as it should) on version 3.
1 one, it works - it couldn't be simpler. The digital joystick support
1 once again. Press ESC to continue emulating.
1 on the stack (including AF and the program counter, which have been
1 on the microdrive motor) and wait a few seconds; most of your data will
1 on the DISCiPLE/Plus D will work with the PC it does not work the other
1 on standard PC keyboards! More importantly, in this chapter it is
1 on a standard PC. If you don't want to have the Spectrum 128 sound
1 often not match the system variables.
1 official manuals! Information on the Multiface 128 can be found in
1 off-line, the emulator tells the Spectrum program that the ZX Printer
1 of the printable letters of the file name and a two-digit number. The
1 of the new code, is moved up by typing SAVE!"rom"CODE 0,16384, then
1 of the floppy disk controller chips. With the PC, it puts a special
1 of the Spectrum and some of the emulators' settings to a .Z80 snapshot
1 of course) and the number of kilobytes free. You can save a file by
1 of colours.
1 of all, D selects a tape-file directory where the .TAP files will be
1 obviously won't understand turbo-saved files. For normal use, these
1 o Walter Prins for many '128 programs,
1 o Ruud Zandbergen for his digital joystick interface,
1 o Rudy Biesma and Tonnie Stap for providing info on the DISCiPLE disk
1 o Robert Zmyslowicz, Einar Gattoni Saukas, Bernhard Lutz,
1 o Marco Holmer for making the program such a big hit at the HCC dagen,
1 o Jan Garnier for providing the chips to reanimate my real Spectrum,
1 o Ian Cull for enhancing the DISCiPLE program and two bugfixes,
1 o Henk de Groot, for finding a solution to a bug in A86 v3.22,
1 o Ettore de Simone for finding a noisy bug,
1 o Chris Lemon for fixing a bug in the CALL instruction,
1 o Carlo Delhez for information on the '128 and several other things,
1 o Burkhard Taige for various bug reports on it,
1 o Bert Lenaerts for information on the AZERTY keyboard,
1 o Arnt Gulbrandsen for a suggestion which made the emulator faster,
1 o Andre Mostert for some more '128 info and info on EMS memory,
1 number which is to be interpreted as a hex number. Also, after the #
1 number of T states to elapse between interrupts.
1 number appended to make it unique. The format of the .TAP files saved
1 now. Most notably, the problem that saving a Disciple/+D snapshot
1 note that Friendware in Spain and Sinclair Freakeren are no longer
1 not. If the screen stayed the same then press n, but if the screen
1 not saved in the .Z80 snapshot file, it may be necessary to make the
1 not for anything else.
1 not available on Soundblaster Pro cards, and neither on most
1 not a problem to most people, easily circumvented, or laziness on my
1 normal way. Under Windows 95 this gives reliable results; however,
1 normal Spectrum rom will be selected when the NMI software returns; if
1 normal Basic ROM and a number of other useful routines, like a monitor
1 non-zero. You can check that this counter is 1 by typing PRINT PEEK
1 newly created and unformatted, or when you type OUT 239,0.
1 never be any problem. If the program is loaded back to a normal
1 needs a name. If a file is not found, the SamRam will respond with a
1 need to load the original from tape again, and go through the
1 necessary to supply the initial values of the soundchip registers. Do
1 necessary for turbo-saved and well protected programs.
1 necessary anyway, it is reduced to once every two seconds. On some
1 necessarily work on the DISCiPLE/Plus D. This is because of differences
1 name of the .TAP file is irrelevant to the emulator, but to have it
1 name PLUSDROM.BIN. If you re-start the emulator now, it will emulate
1 multi-load games that need to load in levels as you play.
1 much. Because the IN instruction is relatively slow, the emulator has
1 much too fast, so it is a wise thing to use -l on fast computers.
1 movement. (Since the shift and number keys are pressed exactly
1 most invisible of the disk systems available, not only that, but the
1 most VOC block types. It does not support compressed blocks, though;
1 most Spectrums, but hardly ever actually used.
1 more. For more information, take a look at the FAQ of the newsgroup
1 more operands are needed, a colon will appear. By default the monitor
1 monitor. This works fine, and was the only mode available in previous
1 monitor to make the image steady.
1 mode; 48K for normal Spectrum, 80K for SamRam, and 128K for Spectrum
1 mode. The advantage is that the internal routines work on every
1 mode. In this mode great care is taken to display each video line at
1 mode, the emulator doesn't update the screen or scan the keyboard, so
1 mode, as it will not look in the directory again as soon as it uses
1 mode, and prompt for an input .TAP file.
1 mode, all colours can be displayed, but some colours have the same
1 mirroring enabled) to load and mirror each block. Here also, ignore
1 mirroring and exact mirroring. The last one must be used only in
1 minimum delay, so the screen does not update. You can select the update
1 might result in data loss).
1 microdrives, the DISCiPLE/Plus D disk interfaces, the tape interface,
1 microdrives and several other types of drives available, the DISCiPLE
1 microdrive, and I to insert a microdrive cartridge. You can select an
1 message you make (or RASP, or flashing question mark) and at the first
1 message appear on screen. Pressing F1 will pop up a small help screen
1 menu. You won't probably be able to continue to run the program, but
1 menu. This is a characteristic of the cartridge, and the write protect
1 menu too, in the X - Extra Functions menu. This is useful if you want
1 menu options can be chosen directly by pressing another function key; a
1 menu bar with shift-6 and shift-7. It is possible to use the PC cursor
1 memory (with and without EMS memory respectively), and 47K less in both
1 memory (making a grand total of 564K). Furthermore, all page swapping
1 meaningful is you load it back in a SamRam again. Usually I want the
1 meaning. Default values are between brackets.
1 may choose to append to or overwrite this old file. Saving is always
1 maximum amount the Interface I software can handle, and each of these
1 matter) to a .TAP file is called Z802TAP. The .TAP file includes a
1 matrix printers or HP Laserjet printers and also be sent to the 'RS232
1 making sure the RS232 channel is fed with the right input (from a COM
1 make the Pro-Audio Spectrum 16 Adlib compatible.
1 make sure that MVSOUND.SYS is installed in your CONFIG.SYS file, to
1 make a disk file act as an 'emulated tape', so that the normal SAVE and
1 main menu.
1 main menu, and generate an NMI (Extra functions - N) before returning
1 machine, or because of a mixture of reasons like: difficult to find,
1 machine, no matter how slow or fast, without having to make the
1 lot. It is very MONS-like in its commands and visual appearance. It
1 lot. An explanation of its functions is to be found in chapter 3.
1 look up some Spectrum keywords. Further down in this documentation
1 look for files with the .DAT extension. The name is made from the
1 locations in memory, and tags the address of each instruction that is
1 loading via the LPT interface.
1 loading them directly. On the other hand, it is not at all necessary
1 loading stripes in the border. See section 2.4 for more information.
1 loading routine. You'll see a blue window appear. Pressing F6 now
1 loading is not very reliable then because Z80 does not filter its input
1 loading a snapshot file, or just after you changed the hardware mode.
1 loading a block, for pressing U during loading is a sure way to get a
1 load turbo-saved programs, provided that they can read samples. And on
1 load a .Z80 snapshot file from the command line. To make a snapshot
1 little time even if there are no changes, the sound is a bit harsh. If
1 list can be found in many places. The format of the key byte is
1 lines of code for the emulator, Johan Muizelaar has been a very
1 lines below these display the value of PC and SP, the first nine words
1 line. This file will then be loaded and executed directly. The
1 line to make the emulator use as little memory as possible (by
1 likely that the program uses the usual ROM routine to load the blocks,
1 levels).
1 level. Again you control the cursor with the cursor keys. Now 0
1 level number, and HL the address at which the block is to be loaded.
1 level higher most of the time. Pressing F10 will get you back to the
1 let all data go through unchanged. The "T" channel won't let all
1 length to 32768 and 16384 (decimal) respectively, and save the ROM by
1 length info.
1 leave a small gap between subsequent blocks within the .VOC file.
1 lead; you can only send data from the Spectrum to a PC. If you have an
1 latter produces less and shorter blocks, and doesn't corrupt the screen
1 last switch lets you select the output media, tape or cartridge.
1 large. It can be loaded back into the emulator, which is rather silly
1 know of any program that uses it on the run. If the R register is not
1 know about it.
1 keywords into character sequences. "t" is useful for LLISTings, but
1 keywords and their key-combination. In the list below, K stands for
1 keys plus shift, and the menu bar of the reset screen of the '128 only
1 keys for this; you have to select Cursor joystick emulation (which is
1 keys 1 to 5, the Sinclair 1 joystick keys. If neither -k1 nor -k2 is
1 keys (and mouse, and analogue or digital joystick, if available)
1 keyboard. Specifying -xz on the command line will make all letter keys
1 keyboard. Many of them are used, to make things easier:
1 keyboard, which is polled by an interrupt routine, will respond much
1 keyboard, and the tape I/O can be routed to a file, as well as to a
1 keyboard layout.
1 keyboard could handle TAB and the keys on the numerical keypad
1 key-combination. For 'on-line' help, press ALT-F1 to see the Spectrum
1 key, so you can use these in the straightforward way.
1 just as well on the emulator. It is very useful is you want to load a
1 just a bit too slow, you can try to make your tape recorder run slower
1 joystickinterface is suitable. The soundblaster joystick interface
1 joystick, either analogue (PC standard) or digital.
1 joystick, but also by a mouse. Specify -km on the command line to have
1 joystick that work with a Kempston joystick interface, or that work on
1 itself, therefore it needs the user's help. After you press y or n the
1 it. You still need to customize the program to use the AMX mouse of
1 it listen to the AY-3-8912 soundchip of the Spectrum 128. If you
1 it is, so that if a block contains a tape error, it won't load
1 it is wise always to reset the emulator, as otherwise the hardware will
1 issued the ROM tries to load up the RAM part of the D.O.S. from floppy
1 is very important that the sample is taken without any gaps. The
1 is useful to at least once read this section carefully; there are a few
1 is specified twice (with the same divisor N) then default and alternate
1 is set, the emulator will at the beginning of each instruction check
1 is present, press F5, S, M, S, name, and press ENTER twice to have the
1 is not possible to log all OUTs to, say, an even port. Although the
1 is not economic to change. If it is the only option available, please
1 is not attached. If you want the Spectrum program to wait in case of
1 is necessary for instance when the VOC file consists of a turbo-saved
1 is less obvious, since PC's don't support these.
1 is ignored, as these interfaces use the ZX Printer I/O ports for their
1 is contained in the final chapter, which can be found in the separate
1 is being generated (Ricochet). Only in Hi Res Color mode will the
1 is a way to save programs in standard format to tape though; put them
1 is a true multi-purpose interface with
1 invited to join in afterwards. Note: Please do *not* post binaries to
1 introduced bugs...) Also, Hugh wrote much of the documentation for the
1 into contact with many people that contributed to the emulator in
1 interrupts; if programs refuse to load, try sampling the first few
1 interrupt, in any case the ROM does, and doubling the frequency with
1 interrupt timings are exact.
1 interrupt frequency (switch -d). Most programs poll the keyboard by
1 internal speaker. That sound will be turned off, however, as soon as
1 internal routines work much easier, and real mode loading is only
1 intermediate file, a .OUT log file, the emulator can also SAVE and
1 interfaces.
1 interfaces, see the relevant sections in chapter 4.
1 interfaces was the DISCiPLE, this interface consisted of a disk
1 interface; it is not possible to use the SoundBlaster for this. (There
1 interface. First, joysticks are discussed.
1 interface. Because of I/O address clashes, this only works with SamRam
1 interface, microdrive network compatible interface, parallel printer
1 interface, 2 joystick ports (emulating kempston, cursor, and Sinclair 1
1 interface must be initialized, and the state of the AMX interface is
1 interface is connected; they run very slow or crash. When this
1 interface has to be calibrated, and this program can also be used to
1 interface hardware (except the joystick ports), and finally a snapshot
1 interface concerned, the BASE address for each of the interfaces is
1 intensity in Bright 1 as in in Bright 0. Only in VGA mode the colours
1 instruction that will be executed after the NMI is the instruction at
1 instruction directly preceding (in execution) the one at the breakpoint
1 instead of LOAD "" CODE, the first header is read, and you would have
1 instance, BC's Quest for Tires won't look at all good with a wrong
1 instance a .SCR screen dump), and files produced by a SAVE *"b"
1 instance LPRINT or LLIST) to the RS232 channel; the second converts
1 insert one file into more than one microdrive; this will cause problems
1 input. Only the LPT tape interface can be used for tape (MIC) output.
1 input file is read completely through to the end.
1 input channel' is sent to the Interface I's "B" and "T" channels.
1 input .TAP file can be changed. If you, for instance, type LOAD""
1 initially. Later on I'll discuss how the fuctions can be altered so
1 initialises COM1 to send and receive at 9600 baud, no parity, 8 data
1 informed of the level number, and given the opportunity to specify a
1 information sent by the keyboard is used.
1 information of the block to be loaded or saved appears. If you don't
1 in vertical retrace (Arkanoid), some use it to actually wait for
1 in this mode.
1 in their tape format. You can convert these files to .TAP files, and
1 in the standard format, you can convert them to .TAP files. It is most
1 in the U.K. You can also register with Jimaz in the Czech Republic,
1 in the Tape menu (F7), specify that tape output should go to some file.
1 in the ROMS.BIN file; see file TECHINFO.DOC for the exact position.
1 in multiple .TAP file mode is exactly the same as the format used in
1 in a normal DOS environment, use -xw. If you use this switch under
1 in a BASIC program on a slow machine, always turn this on, since the
1 in a .TAP file - see below - convert it to a .VOC file and play this
1 in SamRam mode.
1 implemented it produces 'ticks' in the speaker when it is not run in
1 immediately, so be sure there's an appropriate snapshot running to do
1 if your Soundblaster is equipped with CMS chips, the noise frequency
1 icons can also be selected by pressing the appropriate letter key.
1 hundreds of seconds.
1 http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~dmb/speccy/faq.html. It is also available at
1 however the DISCiPLE code has been changed and it is now possible to
1 however is more robust in loading. When using the SoundBlaster, you
1 however caution should be used at all times when doing this, as you may
1 how, though. All existing programs seem to work okay now.
1 how to SAVE to a .VOC file, or how to produce a .VOC file of
1 horizontal or vertical retrace signals, this will result in #FF;
1 hi-resolution colour effect is visible; all flickering problems are
1 here, but the list in Marat Fayzullin/Damien Burke's FAQ was much more
1 here (they work, but result in a crash). The 8K RAM overshadows the
1 hear 128K sound through the PC speaker when there is an AdLib card
1 header or a data block; a normal file thus consists of two blocks.
1 header and the data block, in one .TAP file with a unique name made up
1 having to tell it anything, but if you have to, you can override the
1 having to change chips over (unless of course it was a major upgrade!).
1 have to press y or n depending on whether the screen display changed or
1 have to format it first; if you don't, you'll get a 'microdrive not
1 have to be careful not to put the volume level too high, since
1 have the effect of pressing Symbol Shift and the corresponding letter
1 have removed most of those, but have not been able to remove them all,
1 have no experience with them, so some comments may be useful. On the
1 have d1, d2 or d* after the LOAD, SAVE etc. There are only two
1 have a tape error). This causes ticks in leader tones to make 0-byte
1 has to grab a line from screen memory and put it in a buffer 192 times,
1 has to do some calculation every time the EAR port is read (which a
1 has to be exactly right, or those strange decoding routines that use
1 has the format
1 harsher than it does in normal mode.
1 hardware modes, if a DISCiPLE/+D is emulated output to the ZX Printer
1 happens, remove the joystick interface (not only the joystick!).
1 half a millisecond between blocks!)
1 had a tape error (the corresponding block in the .TAP file will also
1 green box, inactive boxes are non-bright. You have to use EGA or VGA
1 glass with the letters 'mc' in it (activated by pressing D), two
1 given, the emulator will look if the second joystick is in an
1 generate an NMI from the menu (using Extra Functions, N) to inspect the
1 generally, generate an error).
1 games may crash if they see a different rom than the standard Spectrum
1 games can be a problem sometimes. You'll have to live with it. All
1 game, where subsequent levels are saved in a non-standard format, so
1 functions menu from the main menu.
1 functional, and the parts which are left out are included when you
1 function), but there's a different mode of operation that makes things
1 full-screen you may use EGA or VGA, if you want to run it windowed
1 ftp://ftp.nvg.unit.no/pub/sinclair/docs/specfaq. This latter site
1 from where it left off from.
1 from the LPT interface, and works well under DOS.
1 from tape, the blocks can be loaded from these .TAP files. To convert
1 from other emulators; read section 2.15 if you want to know about that.
1 from executing instructions and making it do something else. In the
1 from RAM directly. You can also extract it from the files directly by
1 frequencies, whereas the FM chips of the Adlib card cannot. However,
1 format. Use -0e or -0h to select which format to use; default is Epson
1 format, and one supporting HP-PCL format graphics output.
1 format it before you can use it. Type
1 format (defaulted in Z80.INI). Also, this selects the default DISCiPLE
1 for very high sample frequencies (even 20 kHz is too much sometimes),
1 for reliable loading. It offers a number of command-line switches.
1 for more details.
1 for instance. The speed of the EMS emulator determines in part the
1 for information on this. R - R register emulation, and L - LDIR
1 for comments.
1 following commands 2 could be used instead. These commands are:-
1 following cable:
1 five menu options, of which three are not useful. The first gives a
1 first saving a header, the .TAP file produced will contain only this
1 first header block of a microdrive header or data block is not correct,
1 filter to remove a 50 Hz hum) in Real mode. For direct loading, the
1 filter the sample. Loading via READSB is, I think, as reliable as
1 files. These files are huge, lengths of several megabytes are common,
1 files, containing only 'high' and 'low' sample values, and nothing in
1 files) to save loading time. If you don't want it to compress the
1 files containing tape data, these aliasing effects are not important.
1 files (the snapshot format of, amongst others, Arnt Gulbrandsen's JPP);
1 filename, in this case the command becomes:-
1 file. Make sure you do not only delete a data block or a header, or
1 file. It will pack the data somewhat, so that the length of the file
1 file. It is handled as it would if the block was loaded from tape, so
1 file using the emulator. The .TAP file is written to tape exactly as
1 file to be played. The VOC file is now in stand-by. Just for
1 file that starts loading right away, type LOAD "" <ENTER>, press F6
1 file produced by the Spectrum; converting a code block into a SAVE *"b"
1 file of a screen (length 6921 bytes exactly) or a bare .SCR screendump
1 file in this case; many punctuation keys will now also work properly.
1 file in the directory does not reset the emulator to multiple .TAP file
1 file cut-and-paste utility to put the 16K file in the correct position
1 file can be translated into a .VOC sound sample file using the OUT2VOC
1 file TECHINFO.DOC. You don't need to read this chapter to use the
1 field (no need to press ENTER), so type 0 (value is 1-3 digits long)
1 few for the best results. I use QEMM, which seems to be faster than
1 features MONS hasn't. It is a part of the SamRam, and cannot therefore
1 fastest mode. Versions prior to v3.04 also had Plantronics and Extended
1 fast, you can best slow it down to exactly 100%. If your computer is
1 fast instruction. Programs that use them a lot, most notably Jetset
1 fast computers, the emulator can be set at the maximum speed, to load
1 familiar with this!)
1 extra files.
1 extension .Z80 is not necessary. The emulator will also read .SNA
1 explanation of the file format, and remarks on how to use this feature.
1 explained in section 3.2 below. But the SamRam software cannot handle
1 explained in section 2.3.
1 explained how to use the Microdrive and DISCiPLE interfaces, both of
1 existing one, or type a new name. If the cartridge file isn't found,
1 execution speed of emulated Z80 instructions, and crash if it isn't
1 executed 50 times a second. Because this involves many page swaps,
1 executable Basic again.
1 exceptions to this rule, the first is when you have a string for the
1 exceptional cases; it will always make a copy of a block, even if it
1 example .PIF file (which runs the emulator in windowed CGA mode) and a
1 example -xs c:\spectrum\taps.
1 exactly the right time, and also the precise times the border colour is
1 exactly 16384 bytes long. It will of course not be used in Spectrum
1 every header (that is, every block with flag byte 0 and length exactly
1 every 1/50th of a second the screen has to be updated, and this takes a
1 error. It is also possible to start play-back without LOAD "", which
1 entering LOAD "rubbish" will show all headers in the .TAP file, just as
1 enter on the command line; to distinguish between VGASPEC's and
1 enter a name for the log file. OUTs will be logged until you specify
1 encountered, the first byte is displayed on a blank line. The four
1 enabling the emulation of it reduces the emulation speed considerably,
1 emulator. The setting is not important if you use the internal save
1 emulator. The program turns your PC into a Spectrum. Its features in
1 emulator. A specification of the file formats used by the emulator is
1 emulator will start loading from tape. At that point, press space once
1 emulator support BBS', has ceased to exist.
1 emulator starts off with a 50 Hz frame rate, with alternate rate set to
1 emulator run at 100%. The disadvantage at using them is that they
1 emulator on the Amiga, and XZX), the .SP format of VGASPEC and
1 emulator is running. Some useful things to select are default
1 emulator has to keep track of the number of T states passed, and also
1 emulator doesn't do this in Real Mode. Real time loading requires
1 emulator does not use the SoundBlaster interrupts.
1 emulator can create an empty cartridge file for you. You have to
1 emulation; when switching an MGT interface (Disciple or +D) on or off,
1 emulation, and for the ZX Printer emulation (where I subsequently
1 emulation speed of Spectrum 128K programs, so it may be wise to try a
1 emulation of this effect be reasonably accurate to get Ricochet running
1 emulation are usually only necessary when loading programs; for
1 emulation also eliminates these problems.
1 emulating the M.G.T. interface. Note however that the printer OUT port
1 emulates the Multiface I, which can save snapshots to tape. SpecEm
1 emulated. When the emulator is shut down, this map is written to disk
1 emulated, the R register acts as a random generator.
1 emulated joystick can also be controlled by a mouse, or by a real
1 emulate the Plus D too.
1 emulate a Spectrum 3.5 times as fast while maintaining normal keyboard
1 eliminate flickering of moving characters, and to see some colour
1 eject the page once in a while. 103 lines approximate one sheet A4.
1 eight lines are the first eight instructions, starting at the Memory
1 effects otherwise not visible. Also, this allows you to see the famous
1 effect is quite nice, sometimes it is horrible, but it's all I can do
1 easier: multiple .TAP file mode. In fact, by default the emulator is
1 down, further key presses on the numeric pad are not seen by the PC
1 down, feel free to sue me.
1 double headers can generate Tape Loading errors).
1 don't touch the other blank connections! This interface can be used for
1 documentation:
1 distributed with PC Format, may NOT be further distributed. The source
1 display a full-screen Spectrum picture. You may need to calibrate your
1 disks themselves were also standard, ie 5.25" (800K DS/DD), then later
1 disk. The advantage of this is that the D.O.S. can be upgraded without
1 disk is Double Density or High Density, and the spectrum floppy disk
1 disk drive.
1 discovered while debugging the emulator. As much as I could think of
1 disassembler knows all official instructions, and the SLL instruction.
1 disappear completely as the emulator is then counting off the exact
1 disadvantage compared to using the Spectrum's own routines in real
1 disables the Disciple and Plus D interrupts. Do not try this in
1 disable it again.
1 directory, the emulator will reset itself to physical tape I/O. Select
1 directory that contains no .TAP files at all, and try to load from the
1 directory of the cartridge currently in Microdrive 1. The last, 'E',
1 directory is given by means of a switch on the command line or .INI
1 directories for .Z80, .TAP and .MDR files; these will be explained
1 directly to the Giro account 324.82.16 (B G Services). Girobank plc,
1 digital joystick to a PC. Here's the circuit diagram:
1 differently. The first, binary, channel is the raw channel. It will
1 differently cost HFL 15-25 to draw.
1 different, but the address you use in the POKE command is the same.
1 destroy the operating system or cause it to behave irrationally.
1 designed by M.G.T. (Miles Gordon Technology). The first of these
1 demanding and critical user, being only satisfied when it was perfect.
1 definitely crash. It is most important to switch the R-register and
1 defaults by putting switches on the command line. Switches that you
1 default values for various things which can also be changed when the
1 default interrupt level. Be sure to set these to their appropriate
1 default every time you use the PC cursor keys in '128 mode, use the
1 decompress it, and load it.
1 decimal; letters are dropped from the file name if necessary to make
1 data to disk and later load back a specific one. This can be done in
1 data in memory. By resetting the emulator by pressing ALT-F5, the
1 data block, and the DOS file name will be HDRLES, with a two-digit
1 customization procedure.
1 cursor movement. If you have used a +3 or +2A Spectrum, you will be
1 cursor keys to move the menu bar). To make the emulator press shift by
1 cursor keys or the Kempston joystick), and pressing '0' or fire. The
1 cursor keys and 5/0/. on the numeric keypad and TAB as fire keys. The
1 cursor about the screen using the cursor keys. The following commands
1 currently reading. Some programs use this to check whether the ULA is
1 crucial system variables and generates a Break into Program. You can
1 crashes that most probably result; just reset the emulator and
1 course: converting a SAVE *"b" file to pure bytes), and converting a
1 course, so a snapshot of Art Studio will not automatically work; you
1 could get to use the floppy disks with DISCiPLE/Plus D software on. Now
1 could by the way now also use the Spectrum 128 Basic where you can type
1 corresponding channels.
1 corresponding bips and clicks. The resulting .VOC file will be rather
1 correctly. Arkanoid runs reasonably well, but due to the way it is
1 correctly from tape either. If the entire .TAP file has been saved the
1 correct, use for instance -xq 0240 to specify address 0240. The
1 converted program simply by executing
1 convert various tape file formats to .TAP files. Currently it supports
1 convert .Z80 files containing snapshots of 128K or SamRam programs.
1 conversion of OUT2VOC leaves much to be desired. It is on my list of
1 convenient. If the Spectrum program saves a data block to tape without
1 convenience, the emulator starts playing back the VOC file as soon as
1 controller does not understand this byte and therefore will not read
1 controlled; in these modes, some emulation of border effects (loading
1 controlled by the arrow keys and TAB, 5, INS (0) on the PC keyboard,
1 control. You can choose from Cursor (default), Kempston, Interface 2
1 control the i,p,q,z and m keys, for instance to play those lovely
1 control several Spectrum joystick interfaces, and the AMX Mouse
1 control codes through and will expand any keyword; useful for LISTing a
1 continue) will do the trick. If the blocks are headerless, then go to
1 continue with the other function keys.
1 continue the loading process (if it is running at 100%).
1 contents (compressed RAM image). Upon returning from the M128 or upon
1 contains vertical white lines. This is due to a bug in the Trident VGA
1 contains non-digits and is none of .SP, .Z80, .SNA, .PRG or .TAP it is
1 contains for instance a table of Spectrum keywords and the key
1 contains a screen, this switch will by default be on. Finally, the
1 containing a hexadecimal number, and returns the decimal value of it.
1 contain up to 126K of data. The emulator emulates 8 microdrives, the
1 contact your registration site, sending return postage. Updates within
1 consists of digits only, it is taken to be a ZX tape file, and if it
1 consists of a batch file TAP2TAPE.BAT, which executes the TAP2TAPE.Z80
1 consists of a 32K static RAM chip which contains a modified copy of the
1 considerably less than any other snapshotter I've seen: for instance
1 considerably (by a factor of two, roughly) when playing back .VOC
1 connects a Spectrum with interface I to the PC you can use it to
1 confusing.
1 computers this may still be too much, in which case -0i completely
1 computer; however, please do contact me if you want to use it.
1 computer things will be normal again.
1 computer ever!
1 compute the .VOC file from the raw .OUT output. Use -q for a quick
1 completely invisible to programs until the NMI switch was pressed. This
1 complete and detailed, so I deleted mine. It lists:
1 compatible soundcard installed, the Spectrum 128 sound will be played
1 comp.sys.sinclair, where many Sinclair enthousiasts meet and share
1 comp.sys.emulators.misc.
1 commands: *RS, *MOVE, *SAVE and *SPECTRUM, and two new functions, DEC
1 commands. They work as you would expect. Examples:
1 command. The syntax is:-
1 command.
1 command or use any (turbo-save) program to save it to tape. Note that
1 command line. The emulator will use a non-standard Hercules mode to
1 command line. Lines starting with a % sign are ignored; they are used
1 command line switch -b2 for example to select LPT2 for tape input (or
1 command line (or put it in the Z80.INI file) to make the PC cursor keys
1 command before switching. Be careful when you change the disk drive
1 command all addresses on screen will be decimal. A single character
1 coming out of the printer. The +D can use the Centronics interface and
1 combination to get them; unfortunately this information is not printed
1 colours becoming indistinguishable. Use -xb to use grey tones instead
1 colours are correct (including the bright hues), and it is also the
1 colours (green most of the times), resulting in several Spectrum
1 codes, which are part of the registered package, may NOT be used in
1 code. Probably you would be interested in peeking into the software of
1 code file, a .PCX or a .GIF file.
1 code around the breakpoint.
1 checked for changes, and they are subsequently displayed on the
1 check the volume level when using the SoundBlaster as input device. The
1 charge or credit card.
1 characters not moving smoothly or flicker, or a background not moving
1 characters in some programs. You can choose between Normal, High and
1 characters flickering excessively, try changing this setting. For
1 character set is different from the original one. There are four new
1 character M will evaluate to the current value of the memory pointer.
1 chapter 5. In this chapter I'll explain the software features of the
1 channels will be played through the internal PC speaker. Sometimes the
1 channels in some way. For instance, the keyboard is connected to the PC
1 channel is often easier, but sometimes using the RS232 channel can be
1 channel for output to RS232; by default it sends its output to the ZX
1 changed type y. This is because the 128K spectrum has 2 screens, and
1 changed is used to build the border pattern. In this mode, every
1 center. For instance, C is on row 0, column 4, and has code 0+8*4=32=
1 caused old data to be overwritten has been fixed. On the other hand,
1 cases, however, sending money to The Netherlands may be more convenient.
1 cases, a word read from or written to FFFF will be read or written as
1 cases if -xt is specified. If this is still not enough, try to use
1 case of the DISCiPLE/PLUS D the button can do 5 different tasks
1 cartridge, return to the Spectrum and press F5 (NMI), S(ave), enter
1 cartridge is inserted. Try OUT 239,0 (on a real Spectrum, this turns
1 cartridge files can be inserted in any of the 8 microdrives. (Do not
1 carry flag is toggled; it is untouched if the data was loaded
1 carries a lot of Spectrum snapshot and Sinclair-related information.
1 care of what it does because the SPECTRUM ROM is not paged in,
1 cards can do this, but some multi-I/O cards support only one joystick.
1 card; if you haven't got such a card some notes are played through the
1 cannot use the tape interface and Real mode doesn't work anymore. In
1 cannot single-step however, but on the positive side it has some
1 cannot load from or save to tape, and it does not emulate the DISCiPLE
1 cannot be emulated exactly, and, more seriously, it is extremely slow.
1 can write the program to tape using a sample player.
1 can turn off the M128 in the Select Hardware (F9) menu.
1 can then be carried out:-
1 can still easily emulate at 100%.
1 can obtain a ready-made interface from B G Services, see section 1.2
1 can be used as a Ram drive in Basic, and music capabilities.
1 can be programmed. Specify -xc to use the CMS chips. (These chips are
1 can be moved to 32768 by typing *SAVE 0,32768,16384. (The SAVE is not
1 called testcode to drive 1, you would save it as:-
1 byte at the beginning of each track to tell the controller whether the
1 byte FD is logged (which, alas, includes the much-used port 7FFD).
1 by some 30%. Don't do it unless it proves to be necessary. I don't
1 by files of 137923 bytes. These files have the extension .MDR, and can
1 by default press shift for you in '128 mode; see also the Miscellaneous
1 by choosing the right hardware mode in the F9 menu. Changing the
1 button which when pressed stopped the computer to allow the program to
1 button to carry out different tasks, some of these are:-
1 button it will execute the new program. There is one problem however,
1 but type
1 but they can be compressed very tightly (if you used READVOC or READSB
1 but there are more) are quite sensitive to the relative actual
1 but it's more versatile. Another useful feature was a simple hardware
1 but in some cases it is still preferrable to use TAP2TAPE, since the
1 but I'll not go into that --- it's not very much used anyway.
1 busy or off-line when in fact they are not there at all. Besides, some
1 buffered!)
1 buffer can be used to hold a screen for some time; it is not touched by
1 buffer before re-sending the file. When inputting from a disk file,
1 broken, you can re-map it to F11, or any other key for that matter.
1 breakpoint, the current frame will be a few T states longer. Not that
1 breakpoint address is not yet executed. It will be upon returning. If
1 box saying 'overig'. The 'D' activates the monitor or disassembler;
1 body of a CALL, and want to return to the main procedure later.
1 blocks, so the .TAP file may get messy. Do not use exact mirroring if
1 blocks, for instance when you want to take a look at the ram pages of
1 blocks it writes (using a better method than used in compressing .Z80
1 blocks in a .VOC file (see below) and load it from there (of course
1 blocks from all .TAP files in a specified directory, one after the
1 block.
1 block, you can actually get it to autorun when it is loaded by adding a
1 bits and 1 stop bit, the default for the Interface I.
1 big screen again.
1 between. These sample files can be compressed much better.
1 between interrupts. If you slow down the emulator, these program will
1 between existing computers is in fact purely coincidental and has in no
1 better. On fast machines, this feature is useful for running Spectrum
1 better off using samplers provided with the card.
1 best to first type LOAD *"b" and then SAVE instead of the other way
1 below. The current section is about loading programs directly from
1 below for more information.
1 below 50% at normal volume. In the case of the SoundBlaster, when the
1 being overwritten when you use the Plus D snapshot feature as the Plus
1 before you started recording the OUTs.
1 before moving. I used this command to update the shadow ROM, but on
1 been corrupted are four bytes down on the stack; this will virtually
1 becomes available again will make the ZX Printer appear again.
1 because this would make the emulator noticeably slower. It is
1 be used with Spectrum 128 programs. If you want to take a look at a
1 be slower). In a Windows (3.1 or 95) DOS box, using -xw will turn
1 be saved to disk or the screen to be printed. This was made by
1 be regarded as decimal. If you give the # command, the default will
1 be paged in machine code to be accessed: use IN A,(191) to page in, and
1 be lost! You can stop the microdrive motor by typing STOP (or, more
1 be emulated too. The Multiface 128 software is aware of, and can read
1 be chosen by specifying "-f frequency" on the command line. By default
1 baud rate to 4800 or 2400 baud; this sometimes helps.
1 basic loader, and a loading screen if you want. Z802TAP compresses the
1 back to Z80. For low sample rates, say 10 kHz, it is a good thing to
1 available, it will also use EMS memory, an Adlib compatible soundcard,
1 audible. This switch has no effect when converting AY soundchip music.
1 attributes to their reset defaults, and CLEAR # to do a CLS # and close
1 attention. These technicalities are dealt with in section 2.1.
1 at the end of the file; loading always starts at the beginning of the
1 at least you're able to see what it was doing.
1 at all. There is absolutely nothing to be done about it. Playing
1 as much as the Multiface code does (on Spectrums without Multiface).
1 as a whole, experiment a little bit with this setting, and re-save the
1 as a 8192 byte file. See section 5.10 of TECHINFO.DOC for an
1 around. If you have problems with transferring data, try to lower the
1 around this, when -xv is specified 400-line mode is used with a double
1 are translated into a sample file by OUT2VOC.
1 are the only ones that are really playable. On fast computers they run
1 are suspended because they take too much time (even on fast computers).
1 are seven major configuration to choose from:
1 are produced, which will very often not load successfully when played
1 are available:
1 are a lot of keys on the PC keyboard which don't exist on the Spectrum
1 appropriately; you can store level data of games on hard-disk and load
1 appropriate point, enter an ED FB instruction, with A containing the
1 appropriate error message. To erase a file, type for instance
1 appear. With R and W, the input and output tape files can be selected.
1 appear. For completeness I include an alphabetical list of all
1 anymore. Because of I/O address clashes, the AMX Mouse does not work
1 any mode; it is immaterial what is inside the Spectrum at that moment
1 any calls to the Spectrum ROM, as they both occupy the same area. The
1 and x+1. Handy for locations 14 and 16.
1 and write to, the Microdrive of the Interface I and the Disciple and +D
1 and will insist that the error be corrected. Yes, it's stubborn!
1 and user-defined. As already said above, if Cursor joystick is chosen,
1 and typing LOAD "" (for a 48K program) or changing the hardware mode to
1 and this time press ENTER. Finally press Q to quit the toolkit and R
1 and this routine is trapped by the emulator, so that instead of loading
1 and the Plus D interfaces. Everything else works as in the registered
1 and the M.G.T. interfaces disabled. The AMX mouse is supported by e.g.
1 and that is by using a command like OPEN #3;"m";1;"name", and printing
1 and store them in .VOC files, for later play-back to the emulator.
1 and sounds a little harsh. This mode is needed when you want to load
1 and snapshot software. You can compare it to a Multiface I interface,
1 and optionally also by a digital joystick, and analogue IBM joystick or
1 and many punctuation keys work in the right way.
1 and loads or saves a block to tape (or a disk file, see below).
1 and little less precise conversion. The difference seems to be barely
1 and hi-res colour effects are visible. This setting can be changed in
1 and from Spectrum memory, but it still has some useful features.
1 and easily access DISCiPLE and Plus D disks. Where a 1 is used in the
1 and don't make an error typing LOAD "". With a bit of exercise you
1 and does not work reliably in multi-tasking environments (DOS boxes of
1 and destination for saving and loading. If you enter a .TAP file name
1 and also makes it possible to write .TAP files back to tape using a
1 and all the people that I forgot to mention.
1 and Plus D took up none of the spectrum's RAM, therefore it was the
1 and Plus D interfaces, and the Spectrum 128. Many Spectrum users will
1 and Issue 2 emulation and video synchronisation. These are explained
1 and HEX, which have replaced ASN and ACS. DEC takes a string argument
1 and ENTER. The emulator will now play the VOC file to the end
1 and 2). The unit also had an inhibit button which disabled the
1 and 0,5 and ./DEL on the numeric keypad control the fire button. If
1 an off-line or busy printer, then put -xj in the Z80.INI file. This
1 an illegal name, or press ENTER on an empty line here.
1 an actual Spectrum would show all headers on the tape if you left the
1 amount of lines.
1 always use the .INI file in the directory of the Z80.EXE file so the
1 always reset the input or output back to physical i/o again, of course.
1 also wrote a Spectrum emulator for the QL, wrote the ZX81 emulators
1 also when saving to tape, like LINE nnnn or CODE x,y etcetera. To load
1 also put this small machine code routine at 23296 and run it: F3 21 0C
1 also included there.
1 also eliminated (provided they weren't already there on a real
1 also be sent, in cash, to the following address:
1 also be pressed with the NumLock key (but see the discussion above of
1 also be compiled for running in that part of RAM, also it must take
1 already in the Z80.INI file.)
1 all usual digital joysticks, with or without auto fire (that is every
1 all features of the processor the programmer could think of, will
1 all currently open streams (discarding all data that may still be
1 again. So a .TAP file can be considered to be an infinite tape. Single
1 again from the beginning. It is used in Tap2Tape.
1 addresses whose low byte equal this number are logged. Note that it
1 address is not taken into account. When the emulator hits a
1 additional data, mostly level data for games consisting of various game
1 add BP 8 to cover drawing costs. I regret I cannot accept orders via
1 adapter is in horizontal retrace. This takes some time, therefore the
1 active it may reset the Spectrum or do nothing.
1 act appropriately. To run the emulator in Windows compatibility mode
1 accompanied with a buzzing noise on the speaker. This is to tell you
1 accessed via the SAVE!, LOAD!, CAT!, ERASE! and FORMAT!. The syntax is
1 accepts hexadecimal input. A leading $ denotes that the number is to
1 acceptable neutral position (i.e. is attached) and if so will use it.
1 abroad: +44 181 287 4180 and +44 181 391 0744 respectively.
1 a weighted average, so that some colours become indistinguishable grey
1 a sampling frequency of 10 kHz is used.
1 a mouse. Use -kk if the emulator erroneously detects either joystick.
1 a key to start saving and quickly press F6 when the saving starts. It
1 a file back from cartridge, you type (you guessed it)
1 a different directory and try again. Note that simply putting a .TAP
1 a computer tape. The emulator can load programs from these sound
1 a Commodore 64/Amiga or Atari). The joysticks for the Spectrum +2/+3
1 a 128K program. The Multiface 128 can also write a snapshot to tape,
1 a .TAP file (in the correct order!), you can load them into Z80 and
1 a (largish) nut-shell:
1 Zynaps look much better when this is turned to High. If you see
1 Z80Dump, for example. You could change hardware mode to SamRam, and
1 Z80.INI file. You can enter switches there just like you do on the
1 You will also receive the source files of the emulator, the above
1 You may have to tinker with the speed setting to get it to run at a
1 You may also save to disk in the same way, so if you wanted to write to
1 You have to tell the emulator which LPT port you use for tape I/O. Use
1 You could now save the snapshot and inspect register values using
1 You can take a sample with any sampler program. The emulator supports
1 You can set some of the D.O.S. system variables using an extended POKE
1 You can refresh the screen by pressing U - Update in Real mode, but you
1 You can re-map the keyboard by yourself by using the -kx switch. It
1 You can easily string together .TAP files; for instance a number of
1 You can also send money in cash. Please send British Pounds and no
1 You can also choose to register for the emulator without DISCiPLE and
1 XTricator (for the QL) and XTender (for PC's). There are probably
1 Without CMS chips, the 128K soundchip's noise cannot be faithfully
1 With version 3, the Spectrum joystick (Cursor, Kempston, Sinclair 2 or
1 With the B option - Browse - the position of the file pointer into the
1 With both interfaces, they extended the BASIC commands, but unlike the
1 With -xt, all unnecessary buffers used for efficiency purposes only are
1 Windows, it turns windows compatibility mode OFF, and hangs unless you
1 Windows compatibility mode off (as Z80 is aware of Windows and has
1 Windows cannot handle the VGA mode I use (although it's only a standard
1 Windows 3.1 causes Z80 to run about 3 to 4 times slower than normal.
1 Windows (95) for example). It is however the only way to take samples
1 Willy and Manic Miner, run very fast. On slow computers these programs
1 Where:-
1 When you're typing BASIC-programs in 48K mode, you'll probably have to
1 When you enter LOAD "", the emulator starts loading using its internal
1 When using a COM port, make sure you have initialised it before
1 When this option is specified, Z80 keeps a map of the 65536 address
1 When the emulator starts, you'll see the usual Spectrum copyright
1 When the emulator is in multiple .TAP file mode, it will read all
1 When sending registrations, please either PRINT your order and address,
1 When saving, the emulator will put the two blocks of a normal file, the
1 When running the emulator under Desqview, use -e for EGA mode display.
1 When inputting from or outputting to a disk file, the read or write
1 When READSB is started, it displays a signal level bar. Set the volume
1 Version 3 can also use the SoundBlaster for tape input. This is easier
1 VGA are the only video modes in which the colour of the overscan can be
1 V - video synchronisation is used to remove the flickering of moving
1 Usually, not all registers of the AY soundchip are updated continually.
1 Usually the emulator will by itself correctly determine which mode to
1 Using these SAVE and LOAD routines has a great advantage as well as a
1 Using the extra 8K RAM - M128 has an 8K Rom containing its own
1 Using .VOC files is sensible for instance when you have a multi level
1 Useless.
1 Useful extra commands: CLS #, to clear the screen and reset the
1 Unidos! (which is not emulated [yet].)
1 Track 5, Side 0, Sector 3 with code from 32768 to 33279 to drive 1 you
1 Tool: to access the MULTI TOOLKIT routines.
1 Today, most programs are protected. The emulation of the Z80 processor
1 To use the button, first you must get to a point in the program that
1 To use digital joysticks, Ruud Zandbergen has made a device that uses
1 To use SamRam's monitor on a 128 program, switch the hardware from the
1 To try the microdrive, load a Spectrum program, switch to Spectrum
1 To save a block of data to a .OUT file, simply type the right SAVE
1 To run the emulator with a different rom than the standard one, you can
1 To record a sample, go to the Extra Functions menu (F10, X), and select
1 To play back a VOC file, press F7 to go to the tape menu, and press P
1 To format a disk all you need to type is:-
1 This, in turn, will cause the ROM printer routines to just skip
1 This will usually work. If it incorrectly recognizes the joystick use
1 This was the only Spectrum i/o channel that could be used in the early
1 This selects hi-res colour emulation by default, so that border effects
1 This section is about the utility CONVERT, which can convert some of
1 This program converts between various snapshot formats, and it can also
1 This menu also allows to choose the M.G.T. type, +D, Disciple with a
1 This joystick interface needs an analogue PC-joystick interface on
1 This is usually necessary in turbo loaders and otherwise protected
1 This is useful when you use the SoundBlaster as input device, as direct
1 This is the documentation for 'Z80', a Sinclair ZX Spectrum 48/128
1 This is still supported by the emulator, and some other programs do not
1 This is not however as simple as it seems! Although a disk formatted
1 This is a really very convenient part of the emulator, and I use it a
1 This emulator supports the Interface I, the Multiface 128, the DISCiPLE
1 This emulator can load programs that are saved to tape in the usual
1 This crashed version 1.45 of the emulator; the problem was circumvented
1 This can be used to re-map the keyboard, for instance if your C key is
1 This ED FB feature first appeared in XZX 0.5.2, and was devised by
1 They may be the same. If a specified output file already exists, you
1 They are licensed from Romantic Robot for use in Z80.
1 These switches select the default start-up hardware configuration of
1 These switches control the phase between the 50 Hz interrupt and the
1 These programs can read samples from the LPT port or the SoundBlaster
1 These gaps are usually inaudible, but do cause tape loading errors. It
1 These four functions are rather obvious, I believe.
1 These are the most important switches that you have to specify when you
1 These are professional quality items built into 25W 'D' connectors.
1 There used to be an option -d which set the frame interrupt frequency
1 There is quite a lot to explain in this documentation. First of all
1 There is no support for other non-US keyboard layouts; sorry!
1 There is by now a great lot of Spectrum-related information and
1 There are two ways to load programs: in 'real' or normal mode. In real
1 There are two modes of operation when loading and saving to disk files,
1 There are two different ways the emulator can emulate the screen. The
1 There are some interesting technical facts about the Spectrum that I
1 There are several registration sites, the main one being B.G. Services
1 There are several levels of commands that can be used, these range from
1 There are several different commercial programs which use the snapshot
1 There are also emulators available for the ZX81. Carlo Delhez, who
1 There are a number of command line switches. The sample frequency can
1 There are a few Spectrum programs that have an odd stack pointer, and
1 There are 5 functions that can be carried out with the initial system
1 Then there's the Ramdisk, which is, like the Spectrum 128 ramdisk,
1 The utility that can convert a 128K snapshot (and 48K ones for that
1 The two SamRam roms are easy. The first you don't need to transfer;
1 The system variables reside in the RAM of the interface, and cannot be
1 The syntax of the command is:-
1 The sound of the Spectrum 128's sound chip is played through the Adlib
1 The snapshot button is a button which is used to stop the processor
1 The snapshot button code is located in RAM, so you can therefore load a
1 The shareware version of the emulator differs from the registered
1 The second exception is actually an extension. When you save a code
1 The registration fee of BP 20/BP 15, US$ 30/US$ 25, DM 50/DM 40, can
1 The registration fee is BP 20 or BP 15 (BP=British Pound) for the
1 The registration fee is 40/50 NZ$, or 30/40 AUS$.
1 The registered version of the Spectrum emulator 'Z80', and the version
1 The punctuation keys - = ; ' , . / and their shifts: _ + : " < > ?
1 The program TAP2TAPE writes .TAP files back to tape. The program
1 The printer options will print out to EPSON compatible printers,
1 The output to the RS232 channel can be routed to an LPT port, to a COM
1 The other video emulation mode is called Hi-resolution colour emulation
1 The option B can also be used to delete specific blocks from a .TAP
1 The noise channels of the Spectrum 128 sound chip can work on different
1 The most sensible setting for this is -z100. By default this is done
1 The monitor commands:
1 The microdrives are emulated at IN/OUT level. This means that every
1 The main new features of the Spectrum 128 are its larger memory, that
1 The list is endless, and if you are capable of writing a machine-code
1 The level data can be stored in a .SLT file (Super Loader Trap file),
1 The last version contained a few bugs, but this version is guaranteed
1 The keyboard. Letter keys are mapped to the Spectrum's letter keys.
1 The function keys have several special functions. See the previous
1 The following is an excerpt from the original Multiface 128
1 The first will simply copy everything you send to stream 3 (using for
1 The first '128 rom, the one which is active at reset and contains most
1 The emulator will work on any PC with 640K memory and at least a 80286
1 The emulator will then try to load the data. If loading failed, the
1 The emulator will first read in the switches that are given in the
1 The emulator will automatically detect whether Windows is running, and
1 The emulator uses files with the extension .TAP to hold a piece of
1 The emulator tries to figure out what hardware is available, and uses
1 The emulator support several joysticks and the Microsoft mouse, to
1 The emulator measures the speed of the computer it runs on in the
1 The emulator can now also be run under Windows 3.1! However, you
1 The emulator can log OUTs to any I/O port. These OUTs are logged in a
1 The emulator can load programs from .VOC sound sample files. This is
1 The emulator 'ZX' by Rindt and Bruckner comes with several roms, stored
1 The emulation of the DISCiPLE or Plus D interfaces in turned on simply
1 The emulated joystick (Cursor, Kempston, Sinclair 2 or user defined) is
1 The eight icons are two arrows with N and E within them, a magnifying
1 The drawback of using this mode is that it is much slower, since the
1 The details can be found in subsequent sections.
1 The default value of variable 10 was changed to 0. Previous rom images
1 The check on FFFF is not done at every potentially problematic op-code,
1 The cartridge can be write protected; see the menu option in the F8
1 The bottom part of the screen displays 24 bytes around the memory
1 The black-and-white switch is useful on black-and-white monitors;
1 The analogue joystick support is rather straightforward. If you've got
1 The address is:
1 The address is the BASE address of the system variables of the
1 The actual M128 has a software on/off switch, so that it could be made
1 The TAP2VOC program converts the tape block in a .TAP file to the
1 The Spectrum has a number of ways to communicate with the outside
1 The Spectrum beeper is emulated by the PC's internal beeper. Because
1 The Spectrum 128 has its own RS232 port; it is called the "P" channel.
1 The Spectrum 128 has a built-in sound chip. If you have an Adlib
1 The Snapshot screen and snapshot 48K are very self explanatory and easy
1 The Snapshot 128K is slightly more complicated. Once you select this
1 The Save and Load Program options (F2 and F3) will save the whole state
1 The SamRam offers a few new Basic commands, and a lot of useful
1 The SamRam is a hardware device Johan and I built for our Spectrums. It
1 The SamRam has two screen buffers. Buffer 1 is used to hold the screen
1 The SamRam has built in it some snapshot software. Using this software
1 The Ram drive is accessed via the LOAD!, SAVE!, ERASE! and CAT!
1 The RS232 redirection options are in the Change Settings (F4) menu.
1 The ROM will be used in 48K modes only, and must be exactly 16K long.
1 The Plus D was the second of the interfaces, this was a cut-down
1 The Plus D ROM is copyright Datel / Format Publications.
1 The PC-cursor keys and the numeric keypad keys 8,4,6 and 2 control the
1 The OUTs to port FE, which controls the internal beeper, and those to
1 The Multiface ROM is paged by an IN from 191, and paged out again by
1 The Multiface 128 was designed by Romantic Robot UK Ltd, 54 Deanscroft
1 The Microdrive BASIC loader needs code in the SamRam rom to start the
1 The MAIN MENU options are:
1 The Interface I uses its own system variables. At the first error
1 The Interface I rom can be moved into ram by saving it to microdrive or
1 The Interface I RS232 port, the "B" or "T" channel, behave slightly
1 The I and O options are used to select the source and destination of
1 The GAP line is emulated; this signal is activated if the interface I
1 The ESC key presses Shift-1, EDIT, used as a sort of ESC key in many
1 The Disciple and Plus D roms can be transferred to RAM by simply saving
1 The Disciple ROM is (c) Bruce Gordon / Format Publications.
1 The DISCiPLE and Plus D were two disk interfaces for the spectrum
1 The ALT and CTRL keys can both be used for Symbol Shift. Then, there
1 The 3 channel sound chip of the Spectrum 128 can be used in Basic with
1 The 'Select Hardware' menu option sits under function key F9. There
1 That's what the final section is about: the tape menu.
1 That concludes the discussion of the F4-'change settings' menu. Let's
1 Telephone enquiries on (0181) 287 4180, Fax (0181) 391 0744, or from
1 Tape Mirroring option and loading the blocks at 16384 (ignore the
1 System' or the 'Sam Operating System'. By the way, all similarity
1 Synchronisation Mode' to normal, high or low. If you see moving
1 Starting the emulator by "z80 -tv file.voc" will play that .VOC file to
1 Spectrum. (This option also works, but is out of place, in Spectrum
1 Spectrum-generated music, please read section 2.18 about the OUT2VOC
1 Spectrum, these four bytes will also be corrupted, and the bottom two
1 Spectrum!), so no need to adjust the Video Synchronisation Mode.
1 Spectrum would load, including turbo-saved programs. The only thing
1 Spectrum programs. The Backspace key presses Shift-0, the Delete of
1 Spectrum programs do a COPY without asking, and with this switch the
1 Spectrum produces.
1 Spectrum ROM and thus anything contained in the M128 RAM cannot make
1 Spectrum Basic in full detail. If you want to know it all, read the
1 Spectrum 128's user guide.
1 Spectrum 128 program, press F10, then change the hardware to SamRam
1 Spectrum 128 and choose 'Tape Loader' in the menu.
1 Spectrum 128 (because otherwise you'll have to use Shift with the
1 Specifying this switch will result in the emulator using 240K more base
1 Specify -m to have it listen to the MIC output (only), and -a to have
1 SpecEm can load .PRG snapshot files, but cannot save them. However, it
1 Soundblaster clones).
1 SoundBlaster. This is due to the fact that the emulator does not have
1 SoundBlaster, the utility READSB (see section 2.19) will read in and
1 SoundBlaster, and can take long continuous samples without gaps.
1 Sometimes you will therefore get the number 5,6,7 or 8 instead of a
1 Some things peculiar to the Spectrum or its interfaces, not specific to
1 Some registers are initialised and left at that value. So it may be
1 Some people seem to really hate either, or even both. Don't know why.
1 Some general things about the emulator are explained in section 2.2.
1 Some games have several levels saved on the tape, to be loaded when a
1 Some fine points. If a breakpoint is hit, the instruction at the
1 Some black-and-white VGA monitors only display one of the three RGB
1 Some VGA adapters do not produce a stable picture when Z80 is using the
1 Some Trident video adapters, as well as some others, have a bug in
1 Some Spectrum programs use extremely many OUTs to produce sounds.
1 Some Spectrum 128 programs use the sound chip and the beeper at the
1 So what can you do? Main uses are adding LF (10 hex) bytes to a text
1 Skipping the most interesting, 'S', for a moment, let's first discuss
1 Simultaneous keypresses on the PC keyboard are only transmitted to the
1 Shift.
1 Shift key, but not yet the others, when you press both keys down.
1 Several things send their output to the channel designated as 'RS232
1 Select the SamRam by starting the emulator with the -s switch, or by
1 Select the SamRam (F9-3), and press F5. A menu with eight icons pops
1 Select the LPT port to print the data to with -xl; default is LPT1.
1 Seeing it is possible for you to load programs into the DISCiPLE/PLUS D
1 Secondly, without -l the LDIR instruction is not emulated correctly
1 Save: to proceed to the SAVE routines:
1 SamRam software, somewhat bombastically called the 'SamRam 32 Software
1 SamRam save a snapshot to microdrive. This snapshot can only be loaded
1 SamRam rom to be active because I like the character set better. The
1 SamRam rom should be active if the program loads or not. This is only
1 SamRam is activated again. Not very useful either.
1 SPECTRUM, the .PRG format of SpecEm, and all old .Z80 file formats.
1 SPECTRUM's .SP formats you can use the switch -o. If the extension
1 S - sound enables you to turn off all sound, useful for late-night
1 Russell Marks. It is now supported by many other emulators as well.
1 Rockfort.
1 Return: to continue the program.
1 Resetting the Spectrum, or generating an NMI can be done from the main
1 Resetting the Spectrum will not reset these settings to their default
1 Registration via B G Services is fastest, and is preferred. In some
1 Registration fee is 500 and 650 Czech crowns.
1 Reading from e.g. port #FE accesses the ULA bus which is used to read
1 RS232 leads, then you can transfer data using LPRINT on the Spectrum
1 RS232 lead. First, you need a null-modem lead. I myself use the
1 ROM. Use the "b" channel of the Interface I instead. You can reset
1 ROM wants to load a block, it is presented the next block in the .TAP
1 ROM to be used; the two ROMs have different screen dump routines
1 ROM is from 0-8191, RAM on top of that.
1 ROM (8K) and partly RAM (8K). When the spectrum was turned on, the ROM
1 RETURN in BASIC; this will lock up version 1.45 of the emulator, it
1 READVOC uses polling to read the sample. This method does not allow
1 READVOC program reads samples from the LPT tape interface or the
1 READVOC is good at taking samples from the LPT tape interface, but it
1 READSB uses 0220 as default base SoundBlaster I/O address, and IRQ 7 as
1 READSB has been written for taking samples from the SoundBlaster. It
1 RAM area it is possible to have these interfaces carry out other tasks.
1 R register. Sometimes programs are real sensitive to the timing of the
1 Printer, which is not supported. You can open the channel by typing
1 Printer output is converted to a format appropriate for Epson or HP PCL
1 Print - to dump screen to printer. For printer interfaces using COPY
1 Pressing the space bar will make Z80 break the printing loop, and
1 Pressing N or E returns you to the Spectrum. If you pressed N, the
1 Pressing 1 selects the tiny screen editor. You can move a '+' shaped
1 Pressing 'P' pops up the printer menu. The screendump program is
1 Press F8 to enter the microdrive menu. Press 1 to 8 to select a
1 Press F7 to enter the tape menu. Pressing S will select or de-select
1 Press F5 for NMI, and D to enter the monitor/disassembler. The first
1 Poking infinite lives - To POKE, say 31000,0, first load the program as
1 Pointer, from here on abbreviated by MP. At first, MP is zero. The
1 Plus D emulation, if you are not interested in those parts. The
1 Please note that the Tatort BBS, which used to be the 'Spectrum
1 Please note that in real mode, the PC clock is not updated. It will
1 Please do not use other currencies than British Pounds on cheques; it
1 Payment can be by cheques (Sterling on a UK bank, or Eurocheques) or UK
1 POKE @9: (0) Left margin: number of spaces printed after each CR
1 POKE @8: (1) Number of Line Feeds (10) inserted after each CR (13)
1 POKE @7: (12) Printer line feed when printing graphics (1/72th inches)
1 POKE @6: (0) Control code conversion (0=on, 1=off)
1 POKE @5: (80) Printer line width (# of chars printed before CR is
1 POKE @4: (1) Network (0=off, 1=master, 2..10=assistant, 11..63=slave)
1 POKE @3: (6) Step rate in ms (may not be lower than 6)
1 POKE @2: (208) Same for drive 2
1 POKE @1: (80+128=208) Number of tracks of drive 1. 128 means DS
1 POKE @16:(word #3b0) Basic extension call vector (I think)
1 POKE @14:(word 0) Basic extension call vector
1 POKE @12:(word 0) Unused
1 POKE @11:(0) Enable MGT Centronics printer interface (0=yes,
1 POKE @10:(0) Convert some characters into graphics (0=off, 1=on)
1 POKE @0: (7) Border change mask when reading/writing disks
1 PC. There are two ways of doing this. You can use a tape interface on
1 PC to a certain extent, depending on the particular keyboard. My old
1 Output to the ZX Printer will be converted into graphic data in Epson
1 Output to either the Interface I's or Spectrum 128's own RS232 port
1 Output is pure bytes, ASCII with either CR (Spectrum standard) or CR/LF
1 Other disc sizes may be requested, but these may not contain all the
1 Ordinarily the OUT2VOC program filters out all frequencies above half
1 One final point about multiple .TAP file mode. If you select a
1 Once you type 5 digits the cursor automatically moves to the value
1 On a real Spectrum 128, the menu bar of the startup screen is moved
1 On 386 and 486 machines you can emulate EMS by software using EMM386
1 Of course you could also use Multiface 128 or the SamRam to convert a
1 OUTs and therefore two 5-byte entries in the .OUT file; a 48K file will
1 OUT port to log; this will ensure that all OUTs to any address with low
1 OPEN #3,"B" (or "T" for listings, or "P" on a Spectrum 128).
1 O. Select the ports you want to log (by default only FE is logged) and
1 O options can be used to redirect the RS232 output; see section 2.13
1 Now you know what you can do, but how to get the emulator to do it?
1 Now for the extensions.
1 Note that whereas the 'official' addresses of the register and
1 Note that when y (the second argument) of a POKE @ command is larger
1 Note that no * is needed (or even permitted), and that only the name
1 Note that for this, the base of DISCiPLE's system variables must be
1 Normally the Disciple and Plus D have their own interrupt routine being
1 Normally a 8086 MOVSB is used to emulate an LDIR or LDDR. This is a
1 Normal keys are coded by bytes below #40; the lower three bits denote
1 Myself, The Netherlands
1 Multiface and Lifeguard are registered trademarks of Romantic Robot.
1 Multiface 128. You'll first have to move these roms in ram to be able
1 Multiface 128 works on the Spectrum 48/128. It can be used any time in
1 Multiface 128 are not saved.) The settings that are saved are those
1 Most utilities use hook codes, and these will certainly work.
1 Many people have sent me bug reports, for which I am very grateful. I
1 Many of the bugs that disfigured the previous version are gotten rid of
1 Make the EAR line 1 when there's no signal, instead of 0 as it is on
1 MULTIFACE is a registered trademark af RORANTIC ROBOT. Multiface 128
1 MIC and EAR ports respond to all even port addresses, virtually no
1 M128 RAM routines should therefore be self-contained, independent of
1 M.G.T. type will result in a Spectrum reset (unless you change with
1 M.G.T. interface causes problems with printing to the ZX Printer, since
1 Low. Normal works well for almost all programs; Ghosts and Goblins and
1 Loading a .Z80 file will cause several settings to be changed.
1 Less useful, but possible: LISTing a program (SAVE *"b" file) to
1 LPT interface is strongly recommended. For loading via the
1 LOAD!"rom"CODE 32768. The other rom is most conveniently moved by
1 LOAD commands can be used to transfer data to and from disk easily.
1 LLIST (shorthand for PRINT #3 and LIST #3), be sure to open that
1 LDIR emulation on, as virtually all protected programs use at least the
1 Keyword mode, E for E-mode (type Shift-Alt of Shift-Ctrl to select
1 Jump - not to return, but jump to another address. Strictly for
1 Jimaz, Czech Republic
1 J - joystick emulation specifies which Spectrum joystick the PC cursor
1 It may be annoying to have to press Num-Lock every time you use the
1 It is possible to pause the play-back at any time. Do not do this
1 It is also possible to convert .TAP files to .VOC files, with the
1 It has proven very difficult to load programs directly via
1 It can read three types of input files: pure ASCII, pure bytes (for
1 Issue 3 Spectrum's. Some old programs need it (Spinads for example).
1 Interface I. If the header is missed, for instance if you try to load
1 Interface I, you can use the LOAD *"b" and SAVE *"b" commands on both
1 Interface I statement you execute, it inserts them automatically. Some
1 Interface I and Spectrum 128 can be used to communicate with PC
1 Instead of to the microdrive, you can also 'save to the RS232 link'.
1 Instead of SCREEN$ you can use all other expressions that are permitted
1 Input and output are directed to disk by default if a default tape file
1 Input and output are buffered. This is important to remember when
1 In this section, the basic functions of the emulator, residing under
1 In this section I will briefly explain all command line switches. It
1 In this section .VOC file playback is discussed. For a discussion of
1 In this mode, the timer is not re-programmed. The emulator counts T
1 In this mode there are three other possible choices in the menu. First
1 In this menu it is also possible to save or load a memory block or
1 In the standard mode, the point (relative to the 50 Hz interrupt) at
1 In the program DIAGRAM.Z80 a tape tester is present. The LPT tape
1 In the previous section I explained enough of the commands so that you
1 In the Hercules and CGA modes not all colours can be displayed. In EGA
1 In single .TAP file mode, each block saved is appended to the end of
1 In normal mode, the standard ROM loading and saving routines are
1 In all configurations except the one with SamRam, the Multiface 128 can
1 If, emulating a DISCiPLE/+D and by entering POKE @11,0 the parallel
1 If your computer is just fast enough, don't slow the emulator down too
1 If you've got an AZERTY keyboard, the standard mappings of the keys
1 If you're using the Pro-Audio Spectrum 16 sound card, do not install
1 If you're using a Trident VGA with version 3 BIOS, you may see the
1 If you're using Plantronics, try -p and -q to see which gives the best
1 If you're running the emulator on a slow computer, try doubling the
1 If you're living in Belgium or France, you are probably using an AZERTY
1 If you want to use the microdrive, you'll need cartridge files. The
1 If you want to use the RS232 channel for printing, open stream 3 for
1 If you want to use the RS232 channel for printing using LPRINT and
1 If you want to use Spectrum Basic, you will need the keywords. You
1 If you want to save programs back to tape, you have to use the LPT
1 If you want to make a .PCX or a .GIF file, input should be a SAVE *"b"
1 If you try to leave the tape menu when for instance tape mirroring is
1 If you specify -s, silences of longer than 1 second will be truncated
1 If you register, you get the fully working version, and the following
1 If you press ALT-F1 in the emulator, the Spectrum keyboard layout will
1 If you press 0, you can edit the current 8x8 character block at pixel
1 If you press '2', a menu appears with four Dutch entries:
1 If you haven't got EMS memory, the page swapping of the Spectrum 128
1 If you have an older registered version and wish to upgrade, please
1 If you have access to internet newsgroups, take a look at
1 If you give a 16 bit address for an I/O port, only OUTs to this address
1 If you don't have an Interface I, but do have a printer interface using
1 If you are using Hercules, try starting the emulator with -xh on the
1 If the program is loaded back into the SamRam, the only bytes that have
1 If the printer to which ZX Printer output is sent is absent, busy or
1 If the last block is loaded, the file pointer is moved to the start
1 If the file doesn't exist or is of the wrong type you'll get the
1 If the emulator erroneously detects an analogue or digital joystick,
1 If the data blocks in which the level data is saved are written to tape
1 If the breakpoint address happens to point to an operand instead of an
1 If the blocks are just code blocks with header, simply enabling the
1 If no AdLib compatible card is detected, 128K sound output will be
1 If conversion is to a .Z80 file, the old (v1.45) format will be used.
1 If another inofficial instruction (i.e. starting with DD, FD or ED) is
1 If a printer becomes off-line or unavailable during printing, Z80 will
1 If Single .TAP file mode is selected, different and more menu options
1 If -ka is specified, the PC mouse controls the emulated AMX mouse
1 INning from address 63. Don't forget to disable interrupts in between,
1 IN A,(63) to page out. The BASIC In and Out commands can not be used
1 IMPORTANT NOTE:
1 I'm not sure whether the M128 has a well-behaved interrupt routine.
1 I'll discuss the Basic extension.
1 I will first explain the most common commands, so that you can quickly
1 I used to have a list of other emulators for the PC and other computers
1 I have also profited much from the fine cooperation with Brian Gaff,
1 I believe this makes the Sinclair ZX Spectrum the most often emulated
1 I am going to explain the commands that the more experienced user and
1 Hz. Without switches, the alternate rate is 100 Hz. If -dN is used
1 Horace games. Special characters are [ for shift, ] for symbol shift,
1 Highly recommended! A long list of FTP sites carrying Spectrum
1 Hi res colour emulation is on. (For a more detailed discussion of this
1 Here is how to transfer programs from a Spectrum to the PC using the
1 Hercules as possible video modes; these are removed to save memory.
1 HRC mode.
1 HRC mode only works with a VGA video adapter.
1 HEX is the inverse of the DEC function, and yields a four-character
1 H - Hi resolution colour emulation, also called 'coppering'. To
1 From the very first beginning in november 1988, when I wrote the first
1 For these sample files you can use -d to produce 'digital' sample
1 For technical reasons, when counting T states, the time taken by the
1 For registrations in the Czech Republic, you can contact Jimaz.
1 For registrations in New Zealand and Australia, contact
1 For our own Spectrums Johan Muizelaar and I built a piece of hardware
1 For more details on the low-level hardware features of the SamRam read
1 For instance, type SAVE *"b"SCREEN$ (note: there's no name!) to save a
1 For better annoyance, -00 only works in the registered version. Hehe.
1 For an explanation of the commands of the DISCiPLE and Plus D
1 First, simply playing it, and loading next levels using a real
1 First of all, you need an interface to connect the tape recorder to the
1 First of all comes the simple commands of SAVE, MERGE, VERIFY and LOAD.
1 Finally, when loading turbo-saved programs in Real mode, screen updates
1 Finally, use -r to produce a raw sample file, without any header or
1 Finally, the Microsoft mouse can control the AMX Mouse interface, as
1 Finally, the 'S' option. This option allows you to save a snapshot to
1 Finally, press F10, X, S for Save Data block, set start address and
1 Finally, many thanks are due to
1 Finally, in Single .TAP file mode you can use 'tape mirroring': loading
1 Finally, if you want to hack into the program, you can also try to find
1 Finally, C - Change speed lets you control the speed of the emulator.
1 Files will be on a 3.5" HD disc together with some ready converted
1 Fayzullin, and now maintained by Damien Burke. It can be found at
1 Fairlight for example OUTs about 70000 times a second, thereby indeed
1 FORMATting Disciple/+D disks still has its problems, but, depending on
1 F8, I(nsert cartridge), enter some file name and create an unformatted
1 F7 and F8 activate the tape and Microdrive/M.G.T. menus. Again, see
1 F6 turns on Real Mode. Try this when the emulator is playing a tune
1 F5 generates an NMI. This is used to activate the Samram, Multiface
1 F - toggle between 50 Hz frame interrupt rate (the standard value) and
1 Exit: to abandon the Multiface and exit to BASIC (provided BASIC is
1 Example: *RS 13,10
1 Everything can be fitted into the 15-pins plug. Make sure the resistors
1 Every time a block is loaded or saved, a window containing some
1 Eurocheques can also be accepted. Please do NOT use other currencies
1 End of aside.)
1 Either the LPT tape interface of the SoundBlaster is used for tape
1 EMM386.
1 E-mode: select E mode and type the letter while depressing Symbol
1 E-mode), S for Symbol Shift, and SE for Symbol Shifted (Alt/Ctrl)
1 Dutch users can transfer NLG 50,- (full version) or NLG 35,-- (without
1 Doubling the interrupt frequency is useful for slow machines, as
1 Disciple emulation) to the following Giro account:
1 Disciple and Plus D interfaces in this file.
1 Digital filtering is highly recommended: for programs that use the
1 David Pomeroy, New Zealand and Australia
1 DO NOT change the original archive in any way, please. The shareware
1 DISCiPLE and Plus D used the same type of disk drives as the BBC micro,
1 D system will not build up a used-sector-bitmap if this counter is
1 Cursor, Interface 2, Kempston or user-defined joystick. The TAB key,
1 Compared to the tape, this is really simple. Cartridges are emulated
1 Commands are one letter long; no ENTER needs to be given. If one or
1 Combinations are hard-coded, so that a key pressing , also presses <
1 Column 2 to 5 are the keys on the same line, but more toward the
1 Column 1 of rows 0-7 are respectively Shift,A,Q,1,0,P,Enter and Space.
1 Clear.
1 Clear - to clear the extra 64K RAM bank (in 128K mode only!). You can
1 Check the documentation of your I/O card to see whether your
1 Changing the overscan colour results in 'snow' lines appearing on the
1 CTRL-ENTER), since a different ROM is switched in.
1 CTRL-ENTER will switch to the new mode while preserving as much of the
1 CTRL-Break and CTRL-ALT-DEL quit the emulator. Better use F10-Q-Y
1 CR's into CR/LF's, breaks off lines at 80 characters and translates
1 CONVZ80 recognizes what it should do by the extension of the files you
1 CONVERT was useful when the emulator could only communicate with
1 COM port!). You can load the data back by typing LOAD *"b"SCREEN$ and
1 CODE 0,8192, and loading it back again at 32768 for instance. You can
1 CMOS clock won't be affected, so the next time you start up your
1 By pressing F10, you enter the main menu of the emulator. Most of the
1 By default, the PC arrow keys control the cursor keys 5,6,7,8 and 0 of
1 By default, the OUT2VOC program listens to the EAR output only.
1 By default, the Disciple/+D drive 1 controls drive A: while 2 controls
1 By default, disks 1 and 2 refer to drives A: and B: respectively, but
1 By default, OUTs to port #FE that do not change the state of either MIC
1 Both interfaces had a D.O.S. (Disk Operating System) which was partly
1 Both READVOC and READSB produce very large files. Be sure to have
1 Bootle, Merseyside G1R 0AA.
1 Bios. Start the emulator with the switch -xv to get a full picture.
1 Besides, there are quite a few things I would never have started
1 Because the emulator has to keep track of the emulated time, and also
1 Because the emulator converts the 8-bit sample to a simple High or Low
1 BEFD, heaven knows why. For these programs, specify FD (or 00FD) as
1 B:. If, for example, your B: drive is your only 3.5'' drive, you might
1 B G Services, U.K.
1 B G Services can also supply ready built tape interfaces for BP 14.50.
1 Avenue, London NW9 8EN, tel. 081-200 8870.
1 At present running under OS/2 is not a good idea as it will crash if
1 Assumes the Belgian and French AZERTY keyboard layout.
1 As you're reading this part, I assume you know something of machine
1 As was already said in the introduction, the emulated Spectrum joystick
1 As on the real Spectrum, you'll have to be careful with OUT's if a
1 As in multiple .TAP file mode, I and O are used to specify the source
1 As a side effect, slowing down the emulator makes the timing of the
1 Art Studio.
1 Any sector on the disk may be loaded to any area of RAM from 16384 to
1 Any other (convertible) currency of an approximately equivalent amount
1 Another advantage was that D.O.S. extensions could be incorporated or
1 And finally, it is possible to wind and re-wind the VOC file, as if it
1 Amstrad still holds the copyright on the 48K and 128K rom. However,
1 Although most programs will work, they will be too slow to be of any
1 Although by default channel #3 prints to the ZX Printer, in all
1 Alternatively, switch to SamRam mode, make sure a formatted cartridge
1 Also quite clear I think. For instance, -juipqzm makes the joystick
1 All these things are explained in the rest of chapter 2.
1 All sites reserve the right to ignore any order which does not comply
1 All settings can be checked and changed in the Change Settings menu,
1 All quite clear I think. If -tv is used, the VOC file starts playing
1 All output to, and reading from, the Interface I's RS232 channel
1 All of these commands are the same as rge tape versions except that you
1 After this the cartridge should have 126K of free space.
1 After reading sections 2.1 and 2.2, you will know most of the basics.
1 After any switches, you may specify a snapshot file on the command
1 After a change has been made, pressing ENTER switches to that mode and
1 AMX interface. The program Art Studio re-initializes the AMX interface
1 ALT-F5 or CTRL-F5 resets the Spectrum.
1 A useful shortcut is ALT-F7: it will automatically select single file
1 A sort of 'random access' file management is also useful, for instance
1 A second analogue joystick will, when present, always be attached to
1 A recent discussion on comp.sys.sinclair revealed that the AY
1 A number of PC games will behave strangely when the digital joystick
1 A major part of the things new to version 3 of the emulator have been
1 A general method is to store the level data blocks in .VOC sample
1 A few programs (the only examples known to me are Fireman and Thing,
1 A Breakpoint may be set in the Extra Functions menu, option B. If it
1 9. Here's the list of ingredients:
1 8000 and 4000 (hexadecimal) respectively, and save the ROM under the
1 7. Emulation of floating bus
1 65535-512. The sector may also be loaded into the RAM of the interface,
1 6. Breakpoints
1 6 for the Commodore Amiga,
1 5B E5 21 00 00 E5 C3 08 00 21 00 00 11 00 80 01 00 20 ED B0 FB C3 00
1 50 times a second. But on fast computers, 486's and up, the emulator
1 50 Hz and the value set by this switch. If you set -dN twice, then the
1 5.9 The Z80 microprocessor
1 5.8 The AMX mouse interface
1 5.7 The Multiface 128
1 5.6 The SamRam
1 5.5 The Interface I
1 5.4 The ZX Printer
1 5.3 The AY-3-8912 sound chip
1 5.2 The Spectrum 128K
1 5.10, file formats, for more information.
1 5.10 on the .OUT format for more details.
1 5.10 File formats
1 5.1 The Spectrum 48K
1 5. Printing with DISCiPLE and Plus D
1 5. TECHNICAL INFORMATION (in file TECHINFO.DOC)
1 5-End of File error. The Ramdisk has a capacity of 25K.
1 48K+If.1 mode if necessary, and turn on Multiface 128 emulation. Press
1 48623; this one open file is the file "rom" itself.
1 40000 to 45000 and the run address was 41023 and you wanted it to be
1 4.8 The Spectrum 128
1 4.7 The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - The system variables
1 4.6 The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - The snapshot button
1 4.5 The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - More advanced commands
1 4.4 The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - Basic commands
1 4.3 The DISCiPLE and Plus D Interfaces - Introduction
1 4.2 The Interface I
1 4.1 The Spectrum
1 4. Running non-standard ROMs
1 4. THE SPECTRUM
1 4+5+14 means: connect pins 4, 5 and 14. The same applies for pins 1 and
1 4+5+14 <
1 4 for the Acorn Archimedes,
1 4 for UNIX platforms,
1 3.5" (800K DS/DD).
1 3.3 The built-in monitor
1 3.2 NMI software
1 3.1 Basic extensions
1 3. Shifted cursor keys
1 3. THE SAMRAM
1 3) MULTI TOOLKIT to study/modify/develop programs, POKE infinite lives,
1 3 for the Macintosh,
1 25 are no exception.
1 2.9 Multi-load games
1 2.8 Using .VOC files
1 2.7 Using .TAP files
1 2.6 Loading programs from tape
1 2.5 Sound emulation
1 2.4 Screen emulation
1 2.3 Keyboard emulation
1 2.21 Miscellaneous remarks
1 2.20 Quick overview of command line switches, and features
1 2.2 Using the emulator
1 2.19 The utilities READVOC and READSB
1 2.18 The utility OUT2VOC - and how to make .OUT files
1 2.17 The utilities Z802TAP, TAP2TAPE and TAP2VOC
1 2.16 Converting file formats - the utility CONVERT
1 2.15 The utility ConvZ80
1 2.14 On joysticks and mice
1 2.13 Using the RS232 channel
1 2.12 Using the Multiface
1 2.11 Using the Disciple and Plus D interfaces
1 2.10 Using the Microdrive
1 2.1 Starting the emulator
1 2. Critical timings
1 2. THE EMULATOR
1 2) Select the required option from the menu
1 2) 8K RAM extension - suitable for GENIE, LIFEGUARD, or as a buffer,
1 2 - Issue 2 emulation will turn the emulated Spectrum in an Issue 2
1 17) the name and type, and of every data block the length is shown.
1 15 pins male (pc) 9 pins male (joystick)
1 14 emulators for PC's,
1 128. (Note that the RAM contents of the M.G.T. interface or the
1 128, or start the Disciple/+D Snapshot facility. If none of these are
1 128 you can write a compressed snapshot to cartridge which doesn't need
1 128 or SamRam mode.
1 128 mode). Some very old programs (Blue Ribband, Spinads) will not
1 100/N Hz.
1 1.6 Copyright notices
1 1.5 Disclaimers
1 1.4 Acknowledgements
1 1.3 Other emulators
1 1.2 Registration
1 1.1 Some general remarks
1 1. Problems at the Rom/Ram boundary
1 1. INTRODUCTION, REGISTRATION, GENERAL INFORMATION
1 1) fully universal and 100% automatic back-up facility for tape,
1 1) Push the NMI key (F5)
1 1 very old one for the Commodore 64
1 1 for the NeXTStep, and
1 1 for the Atari ST,
1 07. You ought to be able to disassemble this piece by heart.
1 / for enter and \ for space.
1 .Z80 program back into a real Spectrum again. There are three
1 .VOC samples, and loaded when needed without having to re-install the
1 .VOC files contain sound samples, so they can also contain the sound of
1 .TAP files created in multiple .TAP file mode can be put into one big
1 .TAP files and the possibility to load and save blocks directly into
1 .TAP file.
1 .TAP file simply by concatenating them, e.g.
1 .TAP file mode is useful to save whole programs to disk, or for
1 .TAP file can later be used to load the program again, in case
1 .SNA format (used in various emulators, such as JPP, Peter McGavin's
1 .SLT files can be produced using the ADDDAT utility. See also section
1 .OUT files tend to grow fast; one bit on the tape corresponds to two
1 .OUT file, in which is stored what was written to which port at what
1 .ICO icon file are supplied.
1 -xu, which saves 83K, but then Hi Resolution Colour emulation does not
1 -kx5720. Code keys '#CD' in the range #C0 - #DD are used to code for
1 -k1. If it doesn't recognize a joystick while it is connected, use
1 -d. If neither of -d and -n are used, ordinary analogue sample files
1 ----------------------------------------
1 -----------------------
1 ---------------------
1 ------------------
1 *SPECTRUM resets the SamRam Spectrum to a normal one. You lose all
1 *SAVE works like *MOVE, except that it activates the shadow SamRam ROM
1 *SAVE 0,32768,16384.
1 *RS sends its arguments directly to the RS232 channel. You don't have
1 *MOVE is useful: it moves a block of memory to another place. Example:
1 *MOVE 50000,16384,6912 moves a screen-sized block from 50000 to the
1 *"m";1;"name" to re-load the snapshot you just made.
1 * -znnn.n Emulate the Spectrum at speed nnn.n%
1 * -xs Default to shifted cursor keys (NumLock) in '128 mode
1 * -l Better (but slower) LDIR/LDDR emulation
1 * -km Use MS Mouse to control Spectrum joystick
1 (so CTS and RTS have to be connected!) This is not a full null-modem
1 (real mode), B (back to normal mode), F2 (save snapshot) and save it.
1 (or typed in, etc.). Multiface does not save programs, but computer
1 (only input) for a physical tape recorder, or 'disk' for disk files.
1 (not Plus D of course), then type LOAD d1"rom" CODE 32768. Finally,
1 (not Plus D of course), then type LOAD d1"rom" CODE 32768 to load the
1 (most matrix printers) or HP PCL (most inkjet and laser printers)
1 (length 6912 bytes). You can make screendumps by selecting the X-Extra
1 (irrespective of what the emulated Spectrum program is doing with the
1 (if it's emulated, that is.)
1 (don't add line feeds), but these were not Disciple/+D defaults, so
1 (corresponding to location #1DEF but displaced by #8000 bytes, i.e.
1 (channels "b" and "t"), the 128K printer channel (channel "p") will be
1 (PC standard) for line breaks, SAVE *"b" files containing a Basic or
1 (If this archive is old, please enquire on price before ordering)
1 (Frequently Asked Questions) list originally started by Marat
1 (Cursor, Interface 2, Kempston or user defined) is controlled by the PC
1 (Aside: to use your own version of the DISCiPLE rom, proceed as above,
1 'trapped' (at addresses 04d8 and 056a) when they're about to start
1 'tape', with several blocks on it. Each block is usually either a
1 'switches' you can toggle. The active choice is indicated by a bright
1 'name'. Next, type CAT 1 to get a catalogue of the files on it (none
1 'Z80' is a shareware program. The program is not completely
1 #FB of the ZX Printer is used by the Disciple printer interface, so
1 #20. Function key F11 has scan code #57, so to map F11 to C use
1 #0298 = 664 decimal. If it is different, change above address
1 "T" channels. Secondly the 128K printer "P" channel. Thirdly, ZX
1 RUN - when no D.O.S. (system file) is loaded it will cause this to
1 LOAD pn - p - letter p, n - number between 1 & 80. This is the program
1 LOAD d1;a$ - load from drive 1 the program whose name is held in the
1 LOAD d1"name" S - load an 48K snapshot from drive 1 called name
1 LOAD d1"name" K - load an 128K snapshot from drive 1 called name
1 LOAD d1"name" - load from drive 1 the program called name
1 LOAD d*;a$ - load from the current drive the program whose name is held
1 LOAD d*"name" - load from the current drive the program called name
1 FORMAT d1 - format the disk in drive 1
1 CAT 1! - displays a shorthand catalogue of the disk drive selected.
1 CAT 1 - will display a longhand catalogue of the disk drive selected.
1 CAT *! - displays a shorthand catalogue of the current disk drive.
1 CAT * - will display a longhand catalogue of the currently selected disk
1 you proceed to SAVE) and overwrites anything in there. Using direct
1 window - to open a window with full on-screen editing using the
1 variables - without these the Spectrum crashes. A successful exit
1 values, if you wish to
1 the paging status: if it is 0, the M128 RAM remains paged, 1 pages
1 the M128 overshadows the ZX ROM (8192-16383), address 8194 determines
1 text - to see the 128 bytes in the window as ASCII text.
1 simultaneously. This also cancels the code word RUN.
1 select - to inspect RAM banks 0-7 in 128K mode. Press s + the bank
1 reg - to point to the Z80 registers as they were when the program was
1 quit - to return to the main menu
1 program to the program you stopped, use RST 0. To revert back to the
1 present). By using exit, you come out of the Multiface entirely.
1 predefined address and not see the M128 menu. To return from your
1 out the RAM and any other value disables the jump command completely.
1 only exit to BASIC if it exists - it is like jumping into a pool: a
1 obvious reasons, clearing the banks in 128K programs is not a good
1 must know the starting line or address. Exit is impossible in the
1 machine code users only. Enter the address to jump at 8192/3
1 jump, you have 8257-16338 available.
1 jump directly upon NMI (F5) and by-pass the M128 ROM software
1 joy if it's full of water, a crash if there is none.
1 intact. The main condition is the existence of standard system
1 idea.
1 hex - to toggle between hexadecimal and decimal display format
1 gives you full access to the program. To restart it, if needed, you
1 entirely. To program the direct jump, POKE 8192-3 with the jump
1 command. You can POKE address 8200 (decimal) with the following
1 clear any time, but it is only useful with 48K programs in 128K mode.
1 cases it does not appear on the menu at all. All in all, you can
1 c) Format microdrive cartridges. Cartridges are automatically named
1 b) save to: Tape, Microdrive, Opus [does nothing], Disciple (use D
1 address, and then also 8195-7 with a special identification word RUN
1 a) input the name of the program. Up to 9 characters (or just press
1 [Note: if it is 0, also the M128 ROM (0-8191) remains paged.]
1 You can jump from the main menu, and you can also pre-program M128 to
1 Space - to allow you to type in a new address
1 SPACE - go back to program (ie if F5 was pressed by mistake)
1 Multiface normal operation, press NMI and BREAK (shift+space)
1 In standard mode M128 uses 8192-11144 as a buffer (8192-13496 once
1 However, you should save 48K programs in 48K mode anyway. Also, for
1 Enter - to PEEK and scroll through addresses or to POKE
1 All efforts are made to preserve the current program in the Spectrum
1 17 to dump screen as text with the line feed on
1 16 to dump screen as text with the line feed off
1 128K mode when the edit ROM is paged and Spectrum ROM is off; in such
1 113 to turn the line feed on (cr+lf)
1 112 to turn the line feed off (cr)
1 - Z80 emulation includes emulation of R register, all unofficial
1 - Supports digital and analogue joysticks, and mouse, controlling
1 - Supports VGA, EGA, CGA and Hercules video adapters including
1 - Simple tracing feature
1 - Runs on any PC, including oldies with 8088/8086 processor.
1 - Registered package includes all source files.
1 - Opcode mapping feature, tags bytes that are executed during
1 - OUTs to any port can be logged, and stored in a log file with
1 - Multi-level support as in XZX 0.5.2; also support of .SLT files.
1 - Interface I and Spectrum 128's "p" channel input/output can be
1 - Includes several utilities; to convert from and to other snapshot
1 - Full tape support: loads both normal and turbo-saved programs using
1 - Full emulation of Spectrum screen, including all colour effects.
1 - Emulator runs just above 100% of actual Spectrum speed on 20 MHz
1 - Emulator can set a breakpoint, invisible to the running program.
1 - Emulator can run under Windows (95).
1 - Emulator can load and save blocks of Spectrum memory to disk
1 - Emulation of beeper through PC beeper, and of 128K sound through
1 - Emulation of ZX Printer, for Epson and HP Laserjet compatible
1 - Emulates ZX Spectrum 48K model 2 or 3, and Spectrum 128K.
1 - Emulates Spectrum AMX Mouse interface (used by e.g. Art Studio)
1 - Emulates Interface I and Microdrive (cartridge in cartridge file),
1 - Best compatibility of current Spectrum emulators.
1 - A program is included which makes .VOC or raw sound sample files
1 (low/hi). You can jump to Spectrum ROM/RAM and to M128 8K RAM. As
1 (i.e. 82,85,87). Whenever you press NMI now, you will jump to the
1 not emulated, so that that feature is not usable),
1 microdrive, Discovery, Plus D or Disciple (although the Discovery is
1 etc.
1 -yl, -yh Low, high video synchronization mode
1 -xz Assume AZERTY keyboard layout
1 -xy Dump trace of program in .OUT file
1 -xx Hi-resolution colour emulation
1 -xw Run in Windows compatibility mode
1 -xv 400-line VGA (for some Tridents)
1 -xu Use as little memory as possible; disable HRC emulation
1 -xt Use as little memory as possible with full functionality
1 -xr F Use file F as standard Spectrum rom
1 -xq adr Set base IO address for SoundBlaster (default 0220)
1 -xp D Select default directory D for .Z80 snapshot files
1 -xo Use SoundBlaster's A/D Converter for tape input
1 -xm D Select default directory D for .MDR files
1 -xl N Select LPTn for ZX-Printer output
1 -xk Emulate Multiface 128 interface (can't be used with SamRam)
1 -xj 'Off-line=wait' instead of 'Off-line=No ZX Printer'
1 -xi Do NOT use internal PC speaker for '128 sound
1 -xg Log all outs to FE in OUT log file
1 -xf Switch full 16K of Interface I ROM
1 -xe Do not use expanded memory
1 -xc Use SoundBlaster CMS chips for noise
1 -xb Black-and-white VGA
1 -xa Do NOT use AdLib for 128 sound
1 -wF Redirect Spectrum RS232 output to file F
1 -v VGA graphics
1 -uF Redirect file F to Spectrum RS232 input
1 -tx Do not display tape info window when loading or saving
1 -tw Don't wrap load pointer of tapefile at end
1 -tv F Play .VOC file F to 'ear' input
1 -ts D Specify default directory for Single .TAP File mode
1 -tp Pause after loading .TAP block
1 -to F Use F{.TAP} as tape output (if exists, append)
1 -tm Mirror tape input to disk (Do also specify output file!)
1 -ti F Use F{.TAP} as tape input
1 -te Mirror tape input to disk in EXACT mode
1 -td D Select directory D for Multiple .TAP File mode
1 -s Emulate Spectrum with SamRam
1 -r Emulate the R register
1 -oN Redirect Spectrum RS232 output to COMn
1 -n Emulate Spectrum without Interface I
1 -m N F Insert cartridge file F{.MDR} into microdrive N
1 -kz Use digital Zandbergen joystick
1 -kxABCD Press key #CD for scancode #AB.
1 -kk Do not look for analogue or Zandbergen joystick
1 -ka Emulate Spectrum AMX mouse interface controlled by MS Mouse
1 -k2 Use 2nd joystick as Sinclair 1 always
1 -k1 Do not use 2nd analogue joystick as Sinclair 1 (1,2,3,4,5)
1 -ju<lf><rt><up><dn><fire> User defined joystick
1 -jk Emulate Kempston joystick
1 -jc Emulate Cursor joystick (default)
1 -j2 Emulate Sinclair joystick 2 (keys 6,7,8,9 and 0)
1 -iN Redirect COMn to Spectrum RS232 input
1 -h Hercules graphics
1 -g No sound
1 -e EGA graphics
1 -dN Set frame interrupt frequency to 100/N Hz
1 -c CGA graphics
1 -bN Use LPTn for tape I/O
1 -aN Redirect Spectrum RS232 output to LPTn
1 -9 Default to M.G.T. interface instead of Interface I
1 -2 Emulate an Issue-2 Spectrum
1 -1[28] Emulate Spectrum 128 (can be used with -n)
1 -0sND Set Disciple/+D drive N to D:
1 -0p M.G.T. = Plus D
1 -0m F Build map of opcode locations in file F
1 -0i Disable Disciple interrupt
1 -0h HP PCL printer (for ZX PRINTER & M.G.T.)
1 -0f N Issue a Form Feed every N ZX Printer lines when printing
1 -0e Epson printer (for ZX PRINTER & M.G.T.)
1 -0d M.G.T. = DISCiPLE ROM (default)
1 -00 Do not show intro screen, and don't pause at startup
1 timing information. This log file can be translated into a .VOC
1 soundchip of the Spectrum 128, or the MIC port.
1 sound sample file using OUT2VOC, for both ear and AY soundchip
1 re-routed to LPT or COM port, or to a file.
1 printers.
1 possible, either directly to tape or to a .VOC sound sample file.
1 piece of 7-wire flatcable
1 output.
1 of sounds produces by the Spectrum, either by the beeper, the
1 number
1 monochrome VGA. (Support for Plantronics discontinued.)
1 instruction codes, and unofficial flags; interrupts once every
1 in hex, but you can change it to
1 frozen
1 files, to convert screen snapshots to .PCX and .GIF files, to read
1 files into sound sample files, to display contents of snapshot
1 execute in a time proportional to the time taken on a real Z80.
1 emulation; useful for debugging and disassembling purposes.
1 emulated.
1 either tape interface on LPT port, SoundBlaster AD converter or
1 either PC beeper or AdLib (SoundBlaster) compatible cards
1 directly.
1 cursor keys. The flashing window address corresponds to the
1 by trapping ROM save/load routines. Saving back to tape is also
1 and tape file formats, to convert snapshots into tape files, tape
1 address in the bottom edit line. The window display is by default
1 _ S 0 ALT 0 or SHFT _/-
1 ^ S h ALT h
1 Z: Put the colour on the screen
1 Z80FAQ.DOC - Frequently asked questions and answers.
1 Z80DUMP - Shows the header and the contents of a .Z80 file.
1 Z802TAP - Converts a .Z80 snapshot, 48K or 128K, to a .TAP file
1 Z80.PIF - Program Info File to run 'Z80' under Windows
1 Z80.INI - Default initialisation file (used by Z80.EXE).
1 Z80.ICO - Windows icon.
1 Z80.EXE - The emulator itself.
1 Z80.DOC - Documentation file for the emulator.
1 Z80 -ti tapefile
1 Writing 04000 bytes
1 V: Verplaats. (Move). Prompts with 'From', 'To' and 'Length'.
1 V: Clear the whole screen
1 The Netherlands
1 TECHINFO.DOC - Technical info about the Spectrum etc.
1 TAP2VOC - Converts a .TAP file to a .VOC sound sample file, to
1 TAP2TAPE - Saves the contents of a .TAP file back to tape, to load
1 T: Return to the main menu. You can also return by pressing
1 Spectrum 48K + SamRam + Interface I
1 Spectrum 48K + M.G.T. Interface (i.e. DISCiPLE or Plus D)
1 Spectrum 48K + Interface I
1 Spectrum 48K
1 Spectrum 128K + M.G.T.
1 Spectrum 128K + Interface I
1 Spectrum 128K
1 SoundBlaster.
1 SAVE *"m";1;"screen"SCREEN$
1 SAVE !"name"SCREEN$
1 S: Save. Enter the start of the block you wish to save first.
1 ROMS.BIN - Various ROM images (used by Z80.EXE).
1 REGISTER.DOC - This file.
1 READVOC - Reads in a long, 'digital' .VOC sound sample, to be used
1 READSB - Reads .VOC sound samples from SoundBlaster using DMA,
1 R: Remove all screen data that is invisible by the ATTR colour
1 R: Registers. If you press Enter after R, an overview of the
1 Q: Decrease the memory pointer by one. You effectively shift one
1 POKE 48623,0
1 POKE 40431,0
1 PLAY "cde","efg","gAB"
1 P: Put. The word operand supplied will be stored in the first MP
1 P: Put the character on the screen
1 P.O. Box 2535
1 OUT2VOC - Converts .OUT log files into .VOC or raw sound sample
1 OPEN #3,"t"
1 OPEN #3,"b"
1 NL-9704 CM Groningen
1 NEW.DOC - The What's New file.
1 N: Continues the search started by F from the current MP.
1 MODE com1:96,n,8,1
1 M: Change the value of the memory pointer. For instance, M:M
1 LOAD *"m";1;"screen"SCREEN$
1 LOAD !"name"SCREEN$
1 LAYOUT.SCR - Keyboard layout help screen (used by Z80.EXE).
1 L: Take a look at the bitmap below the ATTR colour codes
1 L: Load. Loads a block of data from tape, at the specified
1 Keyw. Code | Keyw. Code | Keyw. Code | Keyw. Code
1 K: List. The same mode as with $ is entered, but instead of a
1 I: Insert. The same as B, except that you can poke more than one
1 H: Header read. Loads headers and displays the contents on
1 H: Get the current ATTR colour from the screen at the cursor's
1 Gerton Lunter
1 G: Get. Typing G:1, G:2 or G:3 moves the value of one of the MP
1 G: Get a character from the screen
1 F: Find. You can enter up to ten bytes, which will be searched
1 ERASE "m";1;"screen"
1 ERASE !"name"
1 ENTER: Shift one instruction down: the memory pointer is
1 Disciple and Plus D disk interfaces, Multiface 128.
1 DISCIPLE - Reads DISCiPLE and Plus D diskettes, both 3.5'' and
1 DIM K d LPRINT E c RUN K r
1 DIAGRAM.Z80 - Circuit diagram for tape interface, and calibration
1 DEF FN SE 1 LOAD K j RND E t
1 DATA E d LN E z RETURN K y HEX SE w
1 D: Dump. Prompts with 'First' and 'Last', and dumps a
1 Cursor, Sinclair, Kempston or user-defined joystick.
1 Character Spectrum kbrd On PC keyboard
1 CX 4016
1 COS E w LLIST E v RESTORE E s DEC SE q
1 COPY /B FILE1.TAP + FILE2.TAP ALL.TAP.
1 COPY K z LINE SE 3 REM K e
1 CONVZ80 - Translates various snapshot and tape formats of other
1 CONVERT - a general conversion program: can list out BASIC and
1 CONTINUE K c LIST K k READ E a <> S w
1 CODE E i LET K l RANDOMIZE K t >= S e
1 CLS K v LEN E k PRINT K p <= S q
1 CLOSE # SE 5 INVERSE SE m POKE K o VERIFY SE r
1 CLEAR K x INT E r POINT SE 8 VAL$ SE j
1 CIRCLE SE h INPUT K i PLOT K q VAL E j
1 CHR$ E u INKEY$ E n PI E m USR E l
1 CAT!
1 CAT SE 9 INK SE x PEEK E o TO S f
1 C:\>debug rom.000 (or other rom file (of 16406 bytes))
1 C: Clear. Fills blocks of memory with a specified value. The
1 Border, and timing-sensitive border and attribute effects are also
1 BRIGHT SE b IN SE i PAUSE K m THEN S g
1 BORDER K b IF K u PAPER SE c TAN E e
1 BIN E b GO TO K g OVER SE n TAB E p
1 BEEP SE z GO SUB K h OUT SE o STR$ E y
1 B: Change border colour
1 B: Byte. This command needs a byte operand; it will be poked
1 ATTR SE l FORMAT SE 0 OR S u STOP S a
1 ATN SE e FOR K f OPEN # SE 4 STEP S d
1 AT S i FN SE 2 NOT S s SQR E h
1 ASN SE q FLASH SE v NEXT K n SIN E q
1 AND S y EXP E x NEW K a SGN E f
1 ADDDAT - Utility to edit the additional data part of .SLT
1 ACS SE w ERASE SE 7 MOVE SE 6 SCREEN$ SE k
1 ABS E g DRAW K w MERGE SE t SAVE K s
1 A: Increase the memory pointer, shifting one byte down.
1 ? S c ALT c or SHFT ?//
1 > S t ALT t or SHFT >/,
1 = S l ALT l or +/=
1 < S r ALT r or SHFT </,
1 ; S o ALT o or :/;
1 : S z ALT z or SFHT :/;
1 59.45.263 (G.A. Lunter, Groningen)
1 5 - Snapshot program to disk in 128K SNAP format
1 4: Scherm 2 weghalen (Remove screen 2)
1 4000
1 4 x 1k
1 4 x 1 k
1 4 - Snapshot program to disk in 48K SNAP format
1 3: Schermen verwisselen (Swap screens)
1 3 - Snapshot screen to disk in SCREEN$ format
1 2: Scherm 2 veranderen (Edit screen 2)
1 286 and 25 MHz 386SX; can be slowed down on faster machines.
1 2 - Print screen to printer in grey scale A4 size
1 1: Scherm 1 opslaan (Store screen 1 into buffer 2)
1 1/50th emulated second; I have tried to make each instruction
1 1 x 9 pins D plug, male
1 1 x 47
1 1 x 15 pins D plug, male
1 1 - Print screen to printer in black/white screen size
1 / S v ALT v or ?//
1 .VOC sound sample files; can also use .TAP binary tape image files
1 .VOC sound sample files from the LPT tape interface or
1 . S m ALT m or >/.
1 -w (write it)
1 -rcx (new length of exactly 16K bytes)
1 -q (and quit)
1 -n rom000.bin (or some other name)
1 -m 115 L 4000,100 (move the rom down, overwrite header)
1 -kxABCD
1 - S j ALT j or _/-
1 , S n ALT n or </,
1 + S k ALT k or SHFT +/= or GREY +
1 * S b ALT b or GREY PRTSC/*
1 ) S 9 ALT 9
1 (It is meant to be used with the disassembler program DNSA by
1 ( S 8 ALT 8
1 ' S 7 ALT 7 or '/"
1 & S 6 ALT (or CTRL) 6
1 $: Displays one page of disassembly on screen. In this mode,
1 #CE - or _ (for grey -) #DD F9
1 #CD Joystick up #DC F8
1 #CC Scroll lock (+CTRL=Quit) #DB F7
1 #CB Numlock (Shift toggle) #DA F6
1 #CA Capslock #D9 F10
1 #C9 * #D8 F5
1 #C8 / or ? #D7 F4
1 #C7 . or > #D6 F3
1 #C6 , or < #D5 F2
1 #C5 " or ' #D4 F1
1 #C4 ; or : #D3 Joystick fire
1 #C3 Delete #D2 Joystick down
1 #C2 + or = #D1 + or =
1 #C1 - or _ #D0 Joystick right
1 #C0 Edit #CF Joystick left
1 #: Toggles the default number base between hexadecimal and
1 " S p ALT p or SHFT "/'
1 screen), or the screen only. Programs are compressed to take the
1 own are left intact as standard Spectrum screens.
1 minimal room possible and to load faster. Screens saved on their
1 for Plus D too). You can save the entire program (including the
1 after the programs to be saved.
1 Leslie Styles, [email protected])
1 ENTER to the input RUN automatically as a default)
1 Spectrum 'AT' 'PC'
1 (9 pins) (9 pins) (25 pins)
1 would otherwise not always terminate. Typing Enter on a blank
1 won't change it.
1 without a header, as a normal data block (A, the flagbyte, is
1 will contain the flag byte. If the checksum isn't 0 after
1 value of SP also changes the PC and AF values by the way. You
1 used by the next command:
1 through memory. Searching will stop at address 0, because
1 the following commands are possible:
1 standard flag bytes can be loaded. The first byte in memory
1 since the search string is stored in shadow Ram, searching
1 registers contents is displayed. If you type one of A,B,C,D,
1 printer. See remark at $-Z. The 'Last' address is again
1 monitor prompts with 'First', 'Last' and 'With'. The 'Last'
1 memory, and the others will shift on place to the right.
1 memories to the MP.
1 loading, indicating a tape error, you'll hear a beep.
1 line starts the search. Byte operands are entered as usual,
1 into memory, and the memory pointer will move one up.
1 increased by the length of first instruction displayed on
1 inclusive.
1 displayed. Useful to look for text.
1 disassembly the bytes with their ASCII characters are
1 disassembly of the block between these addresses to the
1 decimal.
1 current position, and store it in memory. This colour will be
1 cannot change the Interrupt mode or IFF.
1 byte. It continues to ask for bytes to poke until you type
1 byte up.
1 but:
1 address. Normal data blocks, headers and blocks with non-
1 address is inclusive!
1 Z: Dump this screen to the printer, in ASCII format. Redirect
1 Usually, you'll want to store the memory pointer by P:M
1 The monitor then prompts with 'Length'. The block is saved
1 Q: Go back one byte (decrease MP by one)
1 Obvious.
1 IX,IY,SP or PC, you can change the value of it. Changing the
1 Every other key displays the next page of disassembly.
1 Enter on a blank line.
1 EDIT, or ESC in the emulator.
1 E,H,L,A',B',C',D',E',H',L',I,R,AF,BC,DE,HL,AF',BC',DE',HL',
1 A: Go one byte forward (increase MP by one)
1 7: [Shift 7 also works, cursor up]: Go to the previous page.
1 0FF)
1 - If a number bigger than 256 decimal is entered, it is
1 - An x is treated as a wildcard. So if you search for CD x 80
1 - A line starting with " decodes into the string of characters
1 $: Back to the main screen
1 formats,
1 beta-testing of v3.05.
1 and information on a group of unofficial Z80 opcodes,
1 Erik Kunze and Mr. Lee Tonks aka Blood for their thorough
1 7 GND
1 4 DSR
1 3 TxD
1 will search for 34,12 hex in that order. Note that 0012
1 will search for 12, not 12,00.
1 treated as a word in the standard LSB/MSB format. So, 1234
1 tr = track number => 0->79=side 0, 128->207=side 1
1 therefore this command is not required, although I have
1 terminating " will also be searched for!
1 sec = sector number => 1->10 normally, may not be 0! If you
1 note that with the emulator the system file is already loaded,
1 n = drive number, ie 1 or 2, note * may not be used!
1 instruction that has the address 8000 as operand.
1 first character. So instead of typing "M "Y "N "A "M "E
1 explained it for completeness.
1 drive in the same form as described above.
1 be loaded. Otherwise it will just run the BASIC PROGRAM. Please
1 any call to a subroutine in the block 8000-80FF is a hit.
1 The form of this catalogue is as follows:-
1 SAVE d1"testcode"CODE 40000,5001,41023
1 SAVE @1,5,3,32768
1 POKE @address,value
1 LOAD d1;n$ ....... etc
1 LOAD d*;n$ ....... etc
1 LOAD @n,tr,sec,add
1 If you search for x 8000, you'll see every one-byte
1 FORMAT d1 or FORMAT d2
1 (up to ten) behind it. Normally this would only be the
1 (space=enter here) you type "MYNAME. Note that any
1 to do the conversion).
1 the programs.
1 the RS232 output to a file, and run CONVERT on it to convert
1 the CR's into CR/LF's before printing (or tell your printer
1 pages only.
1 This catalogue consists of a 3 column list of the filename of
1 The monitor stores the addresses of the previous eight
1 number printed before the name in the longhand catalogue.
1 number of the file on the disk, the program number is the
1 phone: +42 2 379 498
1 fax: +42 2 378 103
1 Surrey KT9 1JX
1 Shortland Street
1 Phone: (09) 627-9618
1 P O Box 2939
1 New Zealand
1 JIMAZ s.r.o.
1 Hermanova 37
1 Email: [email protected]
1 Email: [email protected]
1 David Pomeroy
1 Chessington
1 B G Services
1 Auckland
1 64 Roebuck Road
1 170 00 Praha 7
1 (United Kingdom)
1 to a HP PCL compatible printer
1 string a$
1 in the string a$
1 write to tape, or to load into the emulator.
1 which can be loaded into the emulator and saved to tape
1 translate it back, produce .GIF or .PCX files from
1 to .Z80 snapshots, and ordinary files and screen
1 snapshots to .TAP tape files. (Not necessary for the
1 snapshot files, which contain loading screens and level
1 screen dumps, translate Spectrum ASCII (CR) to PC ASCII
1 rithm tuned for Spectrum tapes.
1 or raw sample file.
1 one.)
1 it into an ordinary Spectrum.
1 inserted)
1 fully registered version, but handy for the cheaper
1 files, so that you can easily extract music samples from
1 familiar .SNA format use by several emulators (JPP,
1 data.
1 by the next utility:
1 as input to the emulator, from the LPT tape interface or
1 and applies a digital filtering and oversampling algo-
1 a SoundBlaster.
1 XZX,...), and also Pedro Gimeno's (VGASPEC and SPECTRUM)
1 Spectrum/Spectrum 128 games, or SAVE directly to a .VOC
1 Spectrum emulators into each other. Can handle the
1 It can also handle tape files of SPECEM and L. Rindt and
1 E. Brukner's emulator ZX.
1 5.25''. It translates the 48K and 128K snapshot files
1 1=route to standard "p" channel, i.e. ZX Printer)
1 .SP format and Kevin J. Phairs' (SPECEM) .PRG format.
1 (CR/LF), and some other things.
1 program no., program name, sectors used, file type,
1 file size
1 Snapshot compressing programs
1 Programs to allow snapshots back onto tape
1 Debugging tools
1 Cheat finders for games
1 ==================
1 try and load a sector that is sector 0,
1 then the operating system will crash!
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